Massage Therapy Cells & Chem

Chemistry

100

Identify the following in the atom: protons, neutrons, electrons.

Proton-positive particle; neutron-neutral; electron-negative particle.

200

How many electrons does each shell hold? Which shell is involved with chemical reactions between atoms?

Inside shell has 2 electrons, outer shells have 8. Only the outermost shell is involved in chemical reactions.

300

What is a free radical? What does it do? And what substances help destroy them? Where are these substances found?

Free radical is an atom with an abnormal number of electrons in the outer shell -making the atom highly reactive, and likely to damage normal tissue in the body. Antioxidants are chemicals which help neutralize free radicals & can be found in mainly in beans and fruits.

400

What is the pH of an alkaline substance, give an example, and some properties of them. What is the pH of our blood?

Alkaline substances have a pH greater than 7, include soaps, ammonia, bleach and are both corrosive and slippery. Our blood is also slightly alkaline at 7.35-7.45.

500

Bonding that is strong enough to form 3D shapes? What types of bonds do carbohydrates, fats, and proteins use?

Covalent bonding.

Chemistry

100

What is the smallest "piece" of a fat, carbohydrate, protein? What is the storage form of: glucose, fats, proteins?

fat - fatty acid (lipid category of organic molecules); carbohydrate - monosaccharides such as glucose & fructose (sugar in other words); protein- amino acid. STORAGE form of glucose is glycogen, fatty acids stored as triglycerides, proteins not used to make muscle - as when you are exercising are either burned for fuel or stored as fat. The "amine" group containing the nitrogen part of protein is excreted in urine as waste. This is the main thing that UREA (as in urine) is made from. Urea is the safe way of carrying protein waste products through our blood to the kidney.

200

Cholesterol is important in our body in the manufacture of many things. What are they? Where does cholesterol come from?

Cholesterol is used to make bile (stored in the gall bladder, used to digest fats in the intestine), making hormones like estrogen & testosterone, in making vitamin D, and cholesterol is found all cell membranes as well. Cholesterol is so important our liver makes about 600 mg/day. Cholesterol is made in livers, so it is ONLY found in animal products.

300

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

Saturated fats increase our risk of heart disease, but they help foods taste better, have longer shelf life for food preservation, are more solid at room temperature and cook without burning/smoking. Unsaturated fats protect from heart disease but are the opposite of all the characteristics listed above.

400

What are proteins used for in the body?

Proteins are used to make antibodies, DNA, enzymes, muscles, connective tissue; proteins in the blood are for clotting, osmosis balance of fluids, and virtually every part of the body is made of protein.

500

Water moves towards what type of solution? What is this called? How is this different from hydrostatic pressure?

Water moves towards a hypertonic solution. This is called osmosis. Water moves from high water pressure to areas of lower water pressure.

Cells

100

What are the parts of the cell used for: ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria

Ribosomes make protein; rough ER sorts proteins; smooth ER does nutrition, stores calcium in muscle, detoxifies in liver; golgi package protein into vessicles; lysosomes digest things; mitochondria produce ATP from what we eat.

200

Which of these processes require energy? Describe each. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis.

Diffusion- passive down concentration gradient; faciliated - passive down concentration gradient BUT needs a "helper" to open "gates" - example glucose and insulin (helper); active transport requires ATP and pushes ions or other substances AGAINST a concentration gradient; endo and exocytosis require ATP. Examples of endocytosis are pinocytosis (liquids & dissolved things) & phagocytosis (large particle movement).

300

What are properties of water? and how are they used?

Water holds temperature - slow to change states - can be used for therapy with heated wet materials or with ice; water is a solvent - so many things can be dissolved in it - this helps our blood to carry nutrients; water is bouyant & can't be compressed so it can be used in "bags" to prevent joints from friction, can help cells hold shape, and can make blood pressure because it can not be compressed; water is not viscous - so it can be used to lubricate things in the body (joints, membranes) and can thin body fluids like blood or mucus.

400

What is the difference in the terms malignant, metastasis, benign. How does a tumor cell get to other areas of the body?

Benign tumors are not cancerous and don't travel anywhere. Malignant tumors spread into surrounding tissues immediately around the tumor site, and with metastasis a malignant tumor cell can travel (metastasize) to other parts of the body via blood and lymph.

500

Explain how our eggs in the syrup and water changed shape. Explain then how an ankle swells at the end of the day. Explain how an ankle swells if it is broken.

In the sugar solution (hypertonic), the egg water moved into the sugar solution, shrinking the egg. In the water solution (hypotonic), the water moved into the egg making it big. An ankle swells at the end of the day due to excessive hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels which force out water from the blood into the tissues when you are standing all day. A broken ankle swells because damaged, broken cells release substances into the interstitial fluid between cells, making the interstitial fluid hypertonic as compared to the blood. Water leaves the blood and goes into the interstitial areas of the ankle.