Biomolecules
What is a Biomolecule?
Molecules that are synthesized by living organisms.
What are 5 types of Transport?
Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Primary Active Transport, Secondary Active Transport (SYMPORT (Together!)), Secondary Active Transport (Antiport (Against))
What is Osmosis?
Movement of water across a selectively permeable cell membrane.
This is the type of feedback that is involved with homeostasis.
Negative Feedback
This type of tissue allows for easy transport through its' one cell layer
Simple Epithelium
What do Biomolecules ALL contain?
all contain carbon!
other common elements found: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.
What causes Diffusion?
What direction does water move in Osmosis?
Water moves from Lower Solute Concentration to Higher Solute Concentration. (Opposite of Diffusion!)
This Type of feedback Amplifies a response, and moves away from the starting state.
Positive Feedback
This features Protein Fibers, Ground Substance, and Reticular Fibers.
Extracellular Matrix
What are the 3 types of Carbohydrates? What are their major diffrences?
i. Monosaccharide (1 sugar): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
ii. Disaccharide (2 sugars): Sucrose, Lactose
iii. Polysaccharide (chain of many monosaccharides): Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
How would these 4 things affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration Increases:
Molecular Size Increases:
Distance Increases:
Temperature Increases:
Concentration Increases: RATE INCREASES
Molecular Size Increases: RATE DECREASES
Distance Increases: RATE DECREASES
Temperature Increases: RATE INCREASES
How do we measure an amount of Solute?
Molarity (# of moles/Liter) or Osmolarity. (# of Particles in Solute) ex. Glucose in Solution and NaCl in solution
What type of feedback is forming a Blood Clot to stop bleeding?
Positive Feedback
What is the function of a Ribosome?
Translates mRNA into Amino Acid. (Build's Protein's!)
How do Nucleotides differ from Nucleic Acids?
Tides: Energy pathways & second messengers (for cell communication)
Acids: DNA & RNA, found in nucleus, and are STRINGS of Nucleotides
What is diffrence between Secondary Active Transport Symport V.S Antiport?
Symport: Both Molecules move in Same Direction (One moves with gradient other against)
Antiport: Both Molecules move in opposite Direction (One moves with gradient other against)
What is the Osmolarity of 6 Glucose molecules in a Solution V.S 6 NaCl molecules in solutions.
Osmolarity for Glucose is 6 (The molecules stay intact) Osmolarity for NaCl is 12. (The molecules break apart into particles)
What part of the negative feedback loop would "Running outside in summer, 100F" be?
Stimulus
What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What are two ways a Protein, (chains of amino acids (AAs) would no longer function?
1. Genetic Alteration of Amino Acid Sequence.
2. Denaturation.
What is Diffrence between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis- Cell eating (Large Molecules into cell) ex. Bacteria/Debris
Pinocytosis- Cell Drinking (Smaller Molecules into cell using a protein coated pit) ex. Nutrients
If Glucose and NaCl Solutions were seperated by a cell membrane to which solution would the water move towards?
Towards the NaCl, because water moves from low solute particles to high!
Give the Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, Effector/Response, and Event for a baby stretching the cervix during child birth.
Stimulus: Head stretching Cervix, Receptor: Pain Receptors, Control Center: Brain (Pituitary --> Oxytocin), Effector: (Uterus: Birth Contractions), Repeats with EACH contraction until the EVENT: Birth!
What are the steps of a cell making a protein?
1. Nucleus (DNA contains the instructions for the protein.)
2. Ribosome (The ribosome reads the mRNA. It translates the mRNA into amino acids, which are linked together to make a protein.)
3. Rough ER (The RER helps fold/modify and transport the protein.)
4. Golgi apparatus (Receives the protein from the ER. Modifies, sorts, and packages it. Sends it to its final destination in a vesicle.)
5. Final Destination (Become part of membrane, Leave Cell, Or to another organelle.)