Get rekt creatinine!!!!!!!!!!!
This is the definition of CKD
What is GFR <60 for >3 months?
These are three first line antibiotics for patients with uncomplicated cystitis.
Bonus: This antibiotic can be administered in a single dose rather than a prolonged course.
What are TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin, and Fosfomycin?
Ascension of the horseshoe kidney is impeded by this structure
What is the inferior mesenteric artery?
This is the quintessential imaging workup for flank pain + hematuria (Dr. Ayoob :)) )
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma develops in this portion of the nephron and kidney.
Bonus: A mutation in this protein is associated with development of renal cell carcinoma.
Bonus x2: What would happen to HIF-alpha and VEGF levels in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?
What is the proximal convoluted tubule + renal cortex?
Bonus: What is VHL?
Bonus x2: Inc. HIF-alpha, inc. VEGF
This is the most common etiology of CKD.
What is diabetic nephropathy?
These are two circumstances in which asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated.
What are pregnancy and when sterile urine is needed for a procedure?
Multicystic dysplastic kidney results from failed differentiation of this structure.
Bonus (100): The structure in question develops into which part of the kidney?
Bonus x2 (100): This is the inheritance pattern of MDK.
What is the metanephric mesenchyme?
Bonus: what is the glomerulus up until the DCT?
Bonus x2: Tends to run in families, but has nongenetic inheritance.
Patient with alcohol use disorder, acidic urine, severe acute-onset flank pain and hematuria. Crystals are rhomboid. Urine is acidic.
Most likely finding on xray?
Risk factors for development of these stones?
Treatment?
Most likely no abnormalities. Patient likely has uric acid stones which are not evident on xray.
Risk factors this patient has: likely beer consumption (purine rich --> hyperuricemia), acidic pH
Treatment: Allopurinol/alkalinization of urine
Other risk factors a/w uric acid stones: arid climate, inc. cell turnover (tumor lysis syndrome)These are five symptoms of uremic syndrome.
Bonus: 100 points for every additional symptom you can list (I have 9 listed in the answer key)
(any five of the following = full points.) What are asterixis (hand flapping tremor), confusion, nausea, fatigue, ammonia breath, platelet dysfunction, itchiness, metallic taste in mouth, unintentional weight loss, pericarditis?
This is a first line antibiotic for pyelonephritis and topoisomerase IV inhibitor.
What is ciprofloxacin?
Note: inhibits topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) + topoisomerase IV.
This condition presents with bilateral hydronephrosis and thickened bladder on ultrasound. Can also be associated with oligohydramnios.
Bonus (100): This is the cause of the aforementioned pathology.
What is posterior urethral valves?
Bonus (100): What is a membrane remnant in the prostatic urethra?
These are the pathology findings associated with chronic interstitial nephritis.
What is interstitial fibrosis that stains blue on trichrome staining?
This is the embryologic cause of a duplex collecting system.
Bonus (100): What are some other conditions associated with/caused by duplex kidney?
Bonus x2 (100): What is the most likely ultrasound finding associated with this condition?
What is the bifurcation of the ureteric bud before it enters the metanephric blastema?
Bonus: Strongly associated w/ vesicoureteral reflux, ureteral obstruction, inc. risk of UTIs,
Bonus x2: Hydronephrosis
What is autosomal recessive PKD?
This is the treatment for fibromuscular dysplasia when it causes severe treatment resistant HTN.
What is percutaneous renal angioplasty?