Diabetes Mellitus
The "diabetes" type due to head injuries or fractures in or near sella turcica
Diabetes Insipidus
-->injury to pituitary gland leading to disruption of ADH secretion from posterior pituitary
C3-C5
-Diaphrahm is intact and expiratory muscles are paralyzed
--Abdominal contents may sad downward and outward due to greater strength of diaphragm relative to weakness of abdominal wall muscles
-->Decreases vital capacity and diaphragmatic excursion
This happens to airway resistance due to bronchospasms (air trapping)
INCREASES
Hypertrophy of bronchial muscles
Mucosal edema and infiltration with eosinophils and mononuclear cells which cause changes in basement membrane
Asthma
Effect of restrictive lung disease to FEV1
Reduced or Normal
Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
This occurs due to a lack of sympathetic outlfor and triggered by tilting patient upright >60deg
A transient reflex depression
Orthostatic Hypotension
Possible mismatching in perfusion-BLANK results in hypoxemia
ventilation
-Autosomal recessive
-Defect in Chloride ion channels
-Failure to adequately remove secretions from bronchioles
-->leading to widespread bronchiolar obstruction and subsequent bronchiectasis, hyperinflation and infection
Cystic Fibrosis
Intrinsic causes
(stiffness or scarring inside lung parenchyma)
Asbestos, sarcoidosis, silicoses, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
The most common cause of a femoral neuropathy
Diabetic amyotrophy
-Femoral neuropathy can also be caused by polyradiculopathy and lumbar plexopathy which can involve adductors and iliopsoas
Treatment for Orthostatic Hypotension in SCI
1. Reposition back toward trendelenberg
2. Elastic stockings
3. Abdominal binders
4. Fluids
5. Medications-salt tablets, midodrine, florinef
Diaphragm findings on CXR
flattening
-leads to loss of lung recoil and decreased gas exchange
Bronchitis
Extrinsic causes (factors outside of the lung)
-Thoracic deformities, Kyphoscoliosis
-Pleural disease (ex-malignant mesothelioma)
-Cervical SCI
-Ankylosing spondylitis
-Obesity
Etiology: injury from abnormality of vaso-nevorum due to DM, can also be from market weight loss
Diabetic Amyotrophy
SUPER HIGH YIELD:
Signs/Symptoms of Orthostatic Hypotension vs. Autonomic Dysreflexia
Orthostatic Hypotension:
-tachycardia, light headedness/dizziness, syncope
Autonomic Dysreflexia
-bradycardia (usually)
-headache
-Sweating and flushing above level of SCI
-Piloerection
-Puillary constriction
-Sinus congestion
Total and residual lung volumes increase or decrease
Increase
Chronic BLANK causes tracheobronchial mucous gland enlargement
Bronchitis
This X-linked recessive condition causes atelectasis secondary to hypoventilation and/or pneumonia
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
This condition is causing a patient to have asymmetric thigh pain, knee extension weakness and atrophy and loss of patellar reflex
SUPER HIGH YIELD:
The goal of pulmonary rehab in SCI patients
Increase vital capacity
The only proven therapy for mortality in Emphysema
Oxygen
SUPER HIGH YIELD:
This is known to help to increase sputum exectoration, increase in ciliary beat with improved mucous transport
Aerobic exercise
The most common motor neuron disease that causes respiratory failure
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)