Mitosis
List the stages of mitosis
PMAT
State the phase where random orientation occurs.
metaphase I and II
State the part of the sperm responsible for digesting the zona pellucida
acrosome
State the location of oogenesis
ovary
State the hormone that triggers ovulation
LH
Distinguish between the number of daughter cells produced at the end of mitosis and meiosis respectively.
2 vs 4
State the cell types that undergo meiosis.
gametes, germ cells
List the phases of spermatogenesis
1-multiplication phase, 2-growth phase, 3-maturation phase
State the onset of meiosis I in females
after puberty, once a month
State the organ that secretes FSH.
pituitary
Distinguish between cyclin D and E
Cyclin D triggers cell to move from G0--> G1 and G1--> S, Cyclin E prepares cell for DNA replication
which phase is responsible for crossing over of non-homologous sister chromatids
prophase 1
Outline how spermatids become spermatozoa
nourishment by sertolli cells
A female animal is born with all of the female gametes it will ever have – some 2 million ova. This large number of ova in the ovary is due to which process
Mitosis
Identify the cause of estrogen rise during the luteal phase.
follicle developing, FSH stimulates follicle development
Which phase and which cell type involves the cell plate forming between two genetically identical cells.
Telophase; plant cell
Distinguish between meiosis I and Meiosis II
crossing over in prophase I and not in II, homologous chromosomes separate in anaphase I vs sister chromatids in anaphase II
State the number of haploid cells produced in spermatogenesis.
4
In most female animals, including the human, developing ova are arrested in this phase of cell division until puberty. Then under the influence of this hormone, a small number complete the cell division and then develop into mature ova ready for ovulation.
Prophase I, FSH
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis
both lead to production of gametes from germ cells
Outline the reason for mitosis
tissue repair, cell/ organ growth, asexual reproduction
During which phase does the cell move from 2n to n
anaphase 1
Determine the first cell type of spermatogenesis to become haploid.
secondary spermatocyte
In most species fertilization occurs prior to the completion of:
Meiosis II of the egg cell
This hormone is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates the development of the follicles.
FSH
If a sexually reproducing organism has a diploid number of 12, how many individual chromosomes would any of its gametes have?
6
List the hormones that trigger Meiosis I and Meiosis II in spermatogenesis respectively
FSH and LH
Suggest the implications of a corpus luteum not forming.
no progesterone released, uterine lining no stimulated, low estrogen, no negative feedback to hypothalamus (on FSH and LH)
Discuss the difference in mitosis between animal and plant cells.
cleavage furrow vs cell plate
Suggest the impact of testosterone doping on spermatogenesis. (include hormones and endocrine gland)
reduced sperm count due to negative feedback on GnRH at the hypothalamus causing a cascade on FSH and LH
Suggest the hormone injection required in order to induce ovulation a few days prior to the onset of ovulation.
estrogen.
Deduce the affect of non-disjunction in Meiosis I.
All gametes are affect (2 with n+1, 2 with n-1)
Suggest implications of low FSH in females and its effect on oogenesis (3)
causes arrested follicular development, low estrogen, low level signaling from pituitary or hypothalamus, ovulation failure, infertility
early menstrual cycle, minimal menstrual cycle or non at all, failure for ovum implantation-no pregnancy