Chapter 22
The body’s ongoing maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes inside or outside the body.
Homeostasis
External benefits associated with illness, such as attention, support, or relief from responsibilities; these benefits do not necessarily mean symptoms are intentional.
Secondary gains
Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or returning to sleep after waking too early, despite adequate opportunity for sleep, with effects on daytime functioning.
Insomnia
Inadequate breathing during sleep that causes carbon dioxide to build up in the blood and may lower oxygen levels.
Sleep-related hypoventilation
A partial reduction in airflow during breathing, especially during sleep, that may lower blood oxygen or briefly interrupt sleep.
Hypopnea
In psychodynamic theory, the internal relief from anxiety or emotional conflict associated with developing a symptom, usually outside conscious awareness.
Primary gain
An older term generally referring to a severe, recurring form of factitious disorder imposed on self, involving fabricated or deliberately induced illness.
Munchausen's syndrome
An eating disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by behaviors intended to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting, laxative misuse, fasting, or excessive exercise
Bulimia
An eating disorder involving restricted food intake, significantly low body weight, fear of weight gain or behaviors preventing it, and a disturbed perception of body weight or shape.
Anorexia nervosa
Potentially life-threatening shifts in electrolytes and fluids when nutrition is restarted after significant undernutrition, often involving low phosphate, potassium, or magnesium.
Refeeding syndrome
Intentionally producing or exaggerating symptoms for an external benefit, such as money, avoiding work, or avoiding legal consequences. It is not itself a psychiatric disorder.
Malingering
Deliberately falsifying or causing illness or injury in oneself or another person, with deception, even without an obvious external reward such as money.
Factitious disorder
A condition affecting sleep quality, amount, timing, or sleep-related functioning that causes distress or interferes with daily life.
Sleep-wake disorder
Persistent eating of nonfood, nonnutritive substances when inappropriate for the person’s developmental level and not part of a cultural practice.
Pica
A temporary stopping of breathing; during sleep, it involves a pause or near-complete interruption of airflow.
Apnea
A condition involving involuntary neurological symptoms, such as weakness, abnormal movements, or sensory changes, that are incompatible with recognized neurological disease patterns; also called functional neurological symptom disorder.
Conversion disorder
The experience or expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms, without deliberate fabrication.
Somatization
An informal term for repeated eating that feels difficult to control, often despite distress or harmful consequences; it may overlap with binge-eating disorder.
Compulsive overeating
A person’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about their body’s appearance, size, abilities, and functioning.
Body image
Excessive accumulation of body fat that can impair health.
Obesity
Physical illnesses whose development, severity, or course is influenced by psychological factors such as stress; the illness and symptoms are real.
Psychosomatic illnesses
The body’s automatic nervous-system and hormonal reactions to a perceived threat, including changes in heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and energy availability.
Physiologic stress response
Eating an unusually large amount of food within a limited time while feeling a loss of control over eating.
Binge eating
A neurological sleep disorder involving excessive daytime sleepiness and difficulty regulating sleep and wakefulness; some people also experience cataplexy.
Narcolepsy
An older category of sleep disorders involving difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or maintaining normal sleep timing or alertness.
Dyssomnias
An apparent lack of concern about serious symptoms or disability; historically associated with conversion disorder, but it does not establish that diagnosis.
La belle indifference
A broad term describing conditions involving interactions between psychological processes and physical functioning.
Psychophysical disorders
The recording produced by a sleep study that monitors functions such as brain activity, breathing, oxygen levels, heart rhythm, and body movements.
Polysomnogram
Behaviors intended to remove food or influence weight, such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.
Purging
Repeated regurgitation of recently eaten food, which may be rechewed, swallowed again, or spit out, without typical vomiting or retching.
Rumination disorder
An older diagnostic term for conditions involving physical symptoms and associated psychological concerns
Somatoform disorder
Persistent, excessive worry about having or developing a serious illness despite having few or no physical symptoms.
Illness anxiety disorder
A mental health condition involving significant disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts or emotions that impair health or functioning.
Eating disorder
A sudden, brief loss of muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotion, while consciousness remains intact; associated with type 1 narcolepsy.
Cataplexy
Unwanted behaviors or experiences occurring during sleep or transitions into or out of sleep, such as sleepwalking or sleep terrors.
Parasomnias
A condition involving distressing physical symptoms accompanied by excessive thoughts, anxiety, or behaviors related to those symptoms. A medical explanation for the symptoms may or may not be present.
Somatic symptom disorder