Organization thy name is cellular...
4 stage of Mitosis.
Extra Credit: Considered part of the 4th phase, but it's own step.
What is Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase?
Extra Credit: Cytokinesis
These studies are sensitive but not specific.
What are bones studies?
Having more than 2 large mismatched segments (higher); 2 medium or 1 large mismatched segment (moderate).
What causes there to be higher and moderate chances of PE to be seen on V/Q scan?
Hemangiomas.
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
They will correspond to an anatomical segment or lobe. (appear as triangular shaped wedges)
What do defects of a Q scan correspond to?
Malignant or cancerous spread to the connective tissues.
What is Sarcoma?
Exchange of ion native to bone (calcium phosphate) for another labelled "bone seeking" ion (carbonate or fluoride).
Extra Credit: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Bone radiopharmaceuticals use the localization process of heterionic exchange. What is this?
Extra Credit: What is chemical formula of the hydroxyapatite crystal?
Single Breath (Wash in)- distribution of inhaled bolus. Shows total lung capacity.
Equilibrium- breathing in equal parts of Xe-133 and O2. Shows lung volume.
Washout- breathing out all Xe-133. Shows rate of clearance. (Faster = better)
What are the phases of a true Ventilation study? (Xe-133 gas)
Inspiration and expiration breath-holding views of the liver.
*If defect moves with the liver the most likely source is intrinsic disease.*
What can help aid in the identification of defects caused by compression of the liver by the ribs?
tRNA- decode messages
mRNA- messengers
rRNA- combine with proteins to make ribosomes
What are the types of RNA and their basic jobs?
Adenine and Thymine.
Guanine and Cytosine.
Extra Credit: Deoxyribose.
What are the nucleotide base pairs on a strand of DNA?
Extra Credit: What are the borders of phosphate and sugar called?
- staging malignant disease.
-evaluate primary neoplasm.
-diagnose early skeletal inflammatory disease.
-determine bone viability.
-evaluate joint prosthetics.
What are common indications for a bone scan?
10 L/min with 5 mL of fluid containing up to 35 mCi of radiopharmaceutical.
Extra Credit: 2-5%
What is the flow rate of Tc-99m DTPA aerosol imaging?
Extra Credit: How much actually reaches the lungs?
60-90%
What is the tagging efficiency of in vivo Tc-99m pertechnetate?
The liver, common bile duct, and GI tract are well visualized within 60 minutes of injection.
What are visualized in acute cholecystitis?
A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid buliayer.
What is the cell membrane and what is it made out of?
Impaired blood flow, inflammatory response, tumor or radiation.
What can cause lower accumulation of radiopharmaceuticals?
Used to determine the feasibility of lung reduction surgery and the extent of function in each region of the lungs.
Extra Credit: R- 55%, L- 45%
What does a Lung Quantification test?
Extra Credit: What is normal lung function?
Maybe seen in the flow study, but are usually identified after the first 5 minutes. Will appear as focal areas of increased activity that becomes more intense as background activity decreases.
What does an active bleed look like with Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid?
Receives, modifies and packages vesicles to be sent to either lysosomes, the membrane or to be excreted.
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
The RER is covered in ribosomes! They are the site of protein synthesis.
What is the difference between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Flow: increased uptake.
Blood Pool: diffuse uptake.
Delay: asymmetric uptake.
*High Specificity*
What does Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) look like in a three phase bone scan?
"Abnormal excitation of nervous tissue leading to abnormal impulses along nerves that affect blood vessels/skin." (Also called RSD)
< 10um to bone marrow
<2 um to lymph nodes
<150 um to liver/spleen
*return anything with >150um sized particles*
What sizes of particles of Tc-99m MAA will travel and where will they go within the body?
CCK (Sincalide)- given once gall bladder is visualized to monitor ejection fraction into the small intestine.
Morphine (Astramorph)- given if gallbladder fails to visualize after 45-60 minutes.
What additional medications are used in Cholescintigraphy?
Hepatomegaly, chronic liver disease, focal nodular hyperplasia, liver enzyme abnormalities, functional asplenia, ectopic spleen, accessory spleen.
What are indications for liver/spleen study?