Outbreak Investigation & ELISA
This field of science studies how diseases spread through populations
What is epidemiology?
These medicines are designed to kill bacteria or prevent their growth
What are antibiotics?
This property of sound determines pitch
What is frequency?
Vaccines expose the body to a harmless version of this to stimulate immunity
What is an antigen?
Small circular DNA molecules commonly used in genetic engineering.
What are plasmid?
This laboratory test uses antibodies and enzymatic color changes to detect antigens or antibodies
What is ELISA?
Penicillin works because it targets this bacterial structure that human cells do not possess
What is a peptidoglycan cell wall?
This property of sound determines loudness or intensity
What is amplitude?
These immune cells remain after vaccination and allow faster responses to future infections
What are memory cells?
These enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
What are restriction enzymes?
In an ELISA test, a darker color indicates a higher amount of this
What is the target antigen, antibody, or protein?
The process by which resistant bacteria survive and reproduce while susceptible bacteria die
What is natural selection?
A patient has poor air conduction but normal bone conduction hearing. This type of hearing loss is most likely present
What is conductive hearing loss?
When enough people are immune to reduce disease spread throughout a population, it is called this
What is herd immunity?
This enzyme joins DNA fragments together during recombinant DNA production
What is DNA ligase?
Scientists use this technique to reduce a sample concentration into a measurable range
What is a serial dilution?
A patient stops taking antibiotics early and their infection returns. The surviving bacteria were likely more _______
What is resistant?
A patient has poor air conduction and poor bone conduction. This type of hearing loss is most likely present.
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
A community's vaccination rate falls from 95% to 70%. Disease outbreaks become more likely because there are more of these individuals
What are susceptible hosts?
The process of introducing recombinant plasmids into bacterial cells
What is transformation?
Place these ELISA steps in the correct order: Add patient sample, Coat wells, Add substrate, Add primary antibody
What is Coat wells → Add patient sample → Add primary antibody → Add substrate?
Name the bacterial gene transfer mechanism involving direct cell-to-cell plasmid transfer
What is conjugation?
This medical device bypasses damaged hair cells and directly stimulates the auditory nerve
What is a cochlear implant?
Name the two major lymphocyte types responsible for vaccine-induced immune memory
What are B cells and T cells?
Why is a physician's treatment decision based on more than symptoms alone
What is because effective medical decisions require multiple forms of evidence such as patient history, epidemiological data, laboratory testing, and scientific analysis?