1
what are the viral shapes
Isohedral, Helical, Complex
on an envelope virus and naked virus, what determines the host range
enveloped = glycoproteins
naked = capsomers
what are the mechanisms of viral exit vs entry
Entry = 1 direct penetration, 2 membrane fusion, 3 endocytosis
Exit = 1 Lysis, 2 budding, 3 exocytosis
Lysogeny Vs Lytic cycle
Lytic = virus infects a cell, makes new ones with host cell genome, bursts to release them
Lysogeny = Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA then stays dormant, reproduces with cell, later does induction and goes back to lytic
Bacteria divide by?
Binary fission (exponential growth)
what glycoprotines does Influenza have and what do they do
Hemagglutinin (HA) = has flu strains that infect, bings to glycosidic linkages between sialic acid and galactose, mediates viral entry
Neuraminidase (NA) = mediates viral exit
antigenic drift vs shift?
Drift: gradual change in HA and NA due to mutations over time (causes seasonal strain)
Shift: sudden and dirastic change in HA and NA due to reassortment in a common host cell (causes pandemic)
MMR stands for
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
what are the 3 HIV enzymes and what do they do
1. reverse transcriptase- takes ssRNA and turns it into ssDNA
2. integrase- viral DNA gets into host cell genome
3. protease- creates structural proteins
generation time=
how long it takes a cell to divide
Herpes HHV1 and HHV2 infect where
through a mucoctaneal junction where HIV can infect sensory nerons for the rest of your life
Epstein bar virus, HHV4
- 90% people world wide have it
describe how the gp120/41 infect a T4 cell
gp120, CD4, CXCR4 bind together, the head (gp120) is removed so gp41 is exposed and allows for fusing of the membranes, then nucleocapsid is released inside T4cell
what does Poliolyelitis cause
- paralisis
what are the 4 stages of growth
lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase
Varicella Zoster Virus, HHV3 causes?
- Chicken pox
-spread by respiratory droplets
- very contagious
Measles, Mumps, Rubella are diagnosed by
Measles - Koplik spots
Mumps - parotits
Rubella - flat spots
Anabolism = ?
Catabolism = ?
Anabolism = the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
Catabolism = the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
Coenzyme = ?
Cofactor = ?
Apoenzyme = ?
coenzyme = vitamin (organic accessory molecule)
cofactor = mineral (inorganic accessory molecule)
apoenzyme = has 2 or more accessory enzymes
what triggers sporulation
starvation
what is the preparatory step?
pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA in the midochondria, roducing Co2 and NADH
what is the krebs cycle?
a series of reactions in the mitochondria that breakdown A=CoA producing Co2, NADH, and ATP
what is the electron transport chain
a series of proteins in a membrane that act as pumps to produce ATP
what is glycolysis
the process where glucose is split into 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH
what disease was the first and only eradicated?
Small Pox by Variola Major