Chapter 1
We are the three "fathers" of Microbiology.
Who are Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch?
The average mass numbers of all isotopic forms of an element.
What is the atomic mass? (Or atomic weight)
For instance, 76% of chlorine atoms have a mass of 35 (17 protons and 18 neutrons) while 24% have a mass of 37 (17 protons and 20 neutrons). When these numbers are averaged together, chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45.
Used to determine motility of microbes. Inoculated by injecting w/ syringe, observing growth pattern around stab site.
What is semi-solid media?
A type of glycocalyx that functions as a loose shield, protects from dehydration and loss of nutrients, and has a role in adhesion.
What is a slime layer?
A gene or protein in bacteria that shares a common evolutionary ancestor with a gene or protein in another organism, often showing similar sequence in gene structure.
What is a bacterial homologue?
This is the third step of the Scientific Method, forming your educated guess.
What is a hypothesis?
A type of reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt.
What is an exchange reaction?
One of the 6 "Is"; this lays the groundwork for further research into the nature and roles of microbes; it is also generally the first step in infection diagnosis, food safety, biotechnology, and microbial ecology. Usually accomplished through the use of keys, charts, and computer programs.
What is identification?
These prokaryotes have internal flagella between their outer sheath and cell wall peptidoglycan. Move in a worm or snake like fashion.
What are spirochetes? (Or "corkscrew" bacteria).
The type of motion employed by eukaryotic flagella.
What is whip/lash/fishtail?
Part of domain Archaea, we are microbes that can survive at very high or low temperatures, or in otherwise unfavorable conditions.
What are extremophiles?
The sequence of each amino acid in a polypeptide chain.
What is protein primary structure?
Contains pure chemical nutrients in specific formulas. Helpful for research and cell culture when you know the exact nutritional needs of the test organisms.
What is synthetic media?
Prokaryotic flagella arrangement that is dispersed all over the surface of the cell.
(As opposed to polar arrangement on one or either end)
This type of eukaryotic cell has a cell wall for rigid structure, as well as a chloroplast.
What is an algal cell?
This is a process that introduces microbes in order to return environmental stability or neutralize toxins.
We are the most abundant biological macromolecules in nature and play many roles in cell structure, adhesion, and metabolism.
What are carbohydrates?
Wavelength of light (in nm)/2X numerical aperture of objective lens
What is the formula for Resolving Power?
Species alter expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in the biofilm. Causes the biofilm to behave more like a single organism. Can have serious medical implications (heart valves, teeth) and grow on medical devices (IUDs, catheters, shunts, G-tubes).
What is quorum sensing?
Has a role in protein synthesis. Studded with ribosomes, contiguous with the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A process introduced by Dr. Joseph Lister, which aimed to reduce microbe exposure in the medical setting.
What is aseptic technique?
These forces come into play whenever the electrons in molecules move about their orbits and become unevenly distributed. This unevenness leads to short-term “sticky spots” in the molecule—some positively charged and others negatively charged. When such regions are located close together, their opposite charges pull them together.
What are van der Waals forces?
Any magnification beyond the resolving power limit.
What is empty magnification?
An atypical bacteria with cell walls that contain unique lipids. Waxy in nature, resists chemicals and dyes. Requires acid-fast stain.
What are mycobacterium?
Theory that proposes that more complex cells (eukaryotes) evolved from bacteria and archaea. Years ago, a large host cell engulfed an aerobic (oxygen using) bacterium. Instead of digesting it, the host and bacterium formed a partnership. The bacterium supplied energy, and the inside-cell partner became the modern mitochondria.
What is endosymbiotic theory? (Or endosymbiosis)