Microbial world and you
Is this a scientific name?
staphylococcus aureus
No, the genus must be capitalized and the whole name italizied.
Staphylococcus aureus
What type of microscopy do we use most often?
Light Microscopy
Shapes and arangments of prokaryotes (scientific terms)?
Cocci/Coccus (Circles)
Bacilli/Bacillus (Rods)
Spirl (spirillum, vibro, spirochete)
Staphylo (clusters)
Strepto (chains)
Diplo (pairs)
What are redox reactions?
A reaction where oxidation and reduction happen at the same time.
How might you find out if a cell has an LPS layer?
Gram staining
The difference between Normal and Transient Microbiota?
Normal microbiota stays with you and builds across your lifetime. Transient microbiota are only present during certain periods of our life.
What is a differential stains? Examples?
Stains that put the organism into one of two groups depending on the results. Ex. Gram and Acid fast stain.
Difference between the gram positive and gram negative cell wall.
Gram negative have the LPS layer (containing endotoxin).
What are the two types of fermentation we go over and their end products?
Alcoholic fermentation - Ethanol and CO2
Lactic acid fermentation - Lactic acid
How would you figure out if a cell can perform/undergo fermentation?
Cut off the bacteria's source of oxygen
Explain the S flask experiment.
Proves microbes are in the air and the theory of biogenesis. Had 2 flasks of nutrient broth heated and uncovered. One had a S shaped bottle neck. Which allowed air to get in but not microbes. The microbes getting caught in the low dip of the S.
What microscopy gives us the closest look and best resolution?
Electron Microscopy
Give me a cell structure, what is does, where it is, why it is so important and how common is this cell structure?
Answer varies, did you get it right? :)
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors
Why do we use different types of microscopy and stains?
They are tools, and we need to use the right tools for the right job.
What are the ways bacteria help us (including biotechnology)?
Bioremediation
Keep us from getting sick (normal microbiota)
Fermentation (yogurt, cheese, wine, etc.)
Farming
Gene therapy
Why might we use a negative stain rather than a simple stain?
Accurate size and shape and if an organism cannot be stained without distorting the cell.
All cells have?
Genetic Material – DNA
A cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Structural support
The major steps in (aerobic) cellular respiration and their end products (in prokaryotes)?
Glycolysis - 2 pyruvic, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Intermediate step - NADH, CO2 , Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle - 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - 34 ATP
How does a microbes method of metabolism affect how we understand it or handle it?
It helps us understand a method of killing or controlling it. If we can control it's way of growth, like it's food source, we can better control and kill it.
The 3 domains of microorganisms?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals).
Unit conversions from micrometer(μm) to milimeter(mm), nanometers(nm) to milimeters(mm) and, nanometers to micrometers(μm).
1 μm = 10–6 m = 10–3 mm
1 nm = 10–9 m = 10–6 mm
1000 nm = 1 μm
0.001 μm = 1 nm
The four modes of movement of materials across the cell membrane and what is the concentration gradient?
Simple diffusion
Facilitaed diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
High to low
What is phosphorylation?
Adding a phosphate group to ADP
Why is a normal body reaction to feel hot or get a fever when we get sick?
The body is trying to kill off the infection, by raising the heat and denaturing the protiens.