Mutations
A single nucleotide change in a DNA sequence.
Bonus What are different subsets of this mutation?
Extra Bonus: Name a genetic disease that results from this mistake?
What is a point mutation?
Bonus: Substitutions, Insertions, and Deletions
Extra Bonus: Sickle Cell disease?
The structure of DNA.
Bonus: The structure of a nucleotide.
What is a double stranded helix? and/or What are antiparallel strands?
Bonus: Nucleotides have 3 components: A sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group!
The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between paired nucleotides during DNA replication.
What is DNA Helicase?
What is the nucleus?
Where translation occurs.
What is the cytoplasm? or What is a ribosome?
What are chromosomal mutations?
When regions of the chromosome are altered, either by deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion.
Why is the DNA housed in the nucleus?
To protect it! The DNA is the most valuable commodity in the cell and in order to propagate genetic material with limited mutations, the cell must keep its genetic material out of harms way.
The component of a nucleotide that creates the "rungs" on the DNA ladder.
What are nitrogenous bases?
The three differences between RNA and DNA
1. RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded 2. RNA has uracil while DNA has Thymine 3. RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose.
What is rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein?
Bonus: Can you recall the percentage of rRNA and the percentage of protein in a ribosome?
The free -OH group of the deoxyribose sugar is located at the ______ end of the DNA strand.
Bonus: What free group is located at the opposite end of the DNA strand in question?
What is the 3' end?
Bonus: What is a phosphate group? (Located at the 5' end of the DNA strand)
What would happen in a cell that had a mutated DNA Polymerase III.
Bonus: What direction does DNA Polymerase add bases?
DNA replication would not occur because DNA Polymerase III is necessary to add bases to the growing end of a new strand! If DNA replication is not accomplished successfully, cell division could not occur.
The enzyme that transcribes a single stranded RNA molecule from template DNA.
What is RNA polymerase?
A type of RNA that brings Amino Acids to the ribosome during translation. On one end sits a very SPECIFIC three letter sequence that corresponds to an amino acid positioned at the opposite end.
Bonus: What do we call the specific three letter sequence on this RNA molecule?
What is tRNA (Transfer RNA)?
Bonus: What is an anticodon?
What is the inevitable result of mutations that occur during your life, often co-occuring with aging and exposure to mutagenic chemicals?
What is CANCER?
Chargaff's rules
Adenine <--> Thymine (2 Hydrogen Bonds)
Guanine <--> Cytosine (3 Hydrogen Bonds)
NOTE: Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines (1 ring structure)
Adenine and Guanine are Purines (2 ring structure)
In order for DNA polymerase III to start replicating the DNA (making a new strand from the template), it needs to latch onto a PRIMER, set down by a crucial enzyme called PRIMASE. What is the primer made out of?
Bonus: What enzyme, after the template strand has been replicated, comes and removes the primers?
What is RNA?
Bonus: DNA Polymerase I replaces RNA from the primer with DNA!
The product of transcription.
Bonus: What happens to this distinct type of RNA when it has been transcribed.... Before it exits the nucleus to be translated?
What is messenger RNA! Or mRNA.
Bonus: After transcription your mRNA is known as pre-mRNA. It must be processed by a bunch of complicated cellular machinery before it leaves the nucleus. The introns are spliced out, the exons are glued together, and caps are added to the 3' and 5' ends (RNA has directionality just like DNA!).
The three steps of translation.
Bonus: What specific codon and corresponding amino acid relate to the first step of translation?
Bonus: What is AUG?
Enzyme that GLUES the gaps in a strand of DNA created during replication.
Bonus: How does this enzyme glue neighboring nucleotides together to make a continues sugar-phosphate backbone? (Hint: What reaction must occur?)
What is DNA Ligase?
Bonus: Dehydration synthesis!
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of the genetic code.
Bonus: Where are these sequences located?
What is a codon?
Bonus: Codons are located on DNA and mRNA.
An RNA molecule is improperly transcribed and there is a stop codon where there should not be one! What happens to your protein?
Your protein would be truncated (end too soon), would likely not fold properly, and would probably be dysfunctional.