Intro + Theories
This debate asks whether development is primarily influenced by genetics or environmental factors.
What is nature vs. nurture?
These twins develop from a single fertilized egg.
What are monozygotic (identical) twins?
According to Erikson, the major psychosocial conflict of infancy is...
What is trust vs mistrust?
The tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective.
What is egocentrism?
Erikson's psychosocial stage during middle childhood.
What is industry vs. inferiority?
According to Freud, these three structures make up personality and work together to influence behavior.
What are the id, ego, and superego?
These environmental agents can harm prenatal development.
What are teratogens?
Fear of unfamiliar people is called this.
What is stranger anxiety (or stranger wariness)?
Understanding that others have different thoughts, beliefs, and feelings than you.
What is theory of mind?
Piaget's stage is characterized by logical thinking about concrete events.
What is concrete operational thought?
This theorist proposed eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.
Who is Erik Erikson?
These are the three stages of prenatal development.
What are the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods?
The attachment style characterized by comfort with exploration and trust in the caregiver.
What is secure attachment?
Vygotsky's concept describes tasks a child can complete with assistance but not alone.
What is the zone of proximal development?
This learning disorder affects a child's ability to understand numbers, perform calculations, and grasp mathematical concepts.
What is dyscalculia?
This type of research can identify relationships between variables but cannot determine cause and effect.
What is correlational research?
Down syndrome is an example of this type of genetic condition.
What is a chromosomal abnormality?
This researcher developed the Strange Situation experiment to assess attachment between infants and caregivers.
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
A young child believes that the sun is smiling at them and that their stuffed animal gets sad when left alone. This is an example of which limitation of preoperational thought?
What is animism?
Kohlberg divided moral reasoning into these three levels.
What are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality?
This theory explains how development is influenced by five environmental systems: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What is Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
These two developmental patterns describe growth during prenatal development and infancy: one occurs from the head downward, and the other occurs from the center of the body outward.
What are the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development?
This developmental model proposes that the best outcomes occur when parenting practices match a child's temperament.
What is the goodness-of-fit model?
This aspect of development refers to how children begin to form an organized understanding of their own characteristics, abilities, and identity.
What is self-concept?
This theory proposes that intelligence is not a single ability but a collection of distinct intelligences such as linguistic, spatial, and musical intelligence.
What is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?