Interphase
What happens to chromatin during prophase?
What is It condenses into visible chromosomes.
Where do chromosomes line up during metaphase?
What is At the middle of the cell, along the metaphase plate.
What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?
What is They separate and move toward opposite poles.
What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
What is They begin to decondense back into chromatin.
During which stage of interphase is DNA replicated?
What is S phase
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
What is It breaks down (during late prophase/prometaphase).
What part of the chromosome do spindle fibers attach to?
What is The kinetochore, located at the centromere region.
What structures help pull sister chromatids toward opposite poles?
What is Spindle microtubules
What happens to the nuclear envelopes during telophase?
What is New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.
What is G1: cell growth; S: DNA replication; G2: preparation for mitosis
What structure forms during prophase and helps move chromosomes during mitosis?
What is The mitotic spindle, made of microtubules.
What ensures that sister chromatids are connected to spindle fibers from opposite poles of the cell?
What is Bipolar attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules.
What protein complex must be broken down or released to allow sister chromatids to separate?
What is Cohesin
What is cytokinesis, and what does it produce?
What is Division of the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
What is 12 chromosomes and 24 sister chromatids
Why must chromosomes condense before they can be separated during mitosis?
What is Condensation helps organize and move chromosomes while reducing tangling.
Why is it important for chromosomes to be properly aligned and attached before anaphase begins?
What is It ensures chromosomes are distributed accurately to each daughter cell.
If sister chromatids fail to separate properly during anaphase, what is this error called, and what can it cause?
What is Nondisjunction; it can result in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.
How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
What is Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate that develops into a new cell wall.
A cell experiences DNA damage during interphase. How can cell-cycle checkpoints prevent this damaged DNA from being passed to daughter cells?
What is- Checkpoints can pause the cell cycle to allow DNA repair or trigger apoptosis if the damage cannot be repaired.
A cell has condensed chromosomes, but its spindle fibers fail to attach to the chromosomes. How would this affect mitosis?
What is The chromosomes cannot be properly aligned and separated, potentially preventing the cell from progressing through mitosis.
A cell has one chromosome whose kinetochore is not attached to spindle microtubules. What checkpoint prevents the cell from entering anaphase, and why?
What is The spindle assembly checkpoint; it delays anaphase until chromosomes are properly attached.
A cell begins mitosis with 8 chromosomes. After DNA replication, how many chromosomes are present at metaphase, and how many chromosomes will each daughter cell receive after normal mitosis?
8 chromosomes at metaphase (16 chromatids); each daughter cell receives 8 chromosomes.
A cell completes nuclear division but does not undergo cytokinesis. What would be the result, and how would it differ from normal cell division?
What is One cell with two nuclei would form instead of two separate daughter cells.