P&H - The Eruption
This 'mountain' shaped Pompeii and Herculaneum's landscape, but ultimately caused their destruction
What is Mt Vesuvius?
This social class was the lowest in terms of social hierarchy, but was likely the largest class in terms of numbers
Sparta had this many kings
What are two?
The educational system
What is the agoge?
This 'format' of image was exceptionally helpful to Augustus, as it got pro-Augustan propaganda into the hands of every member of the Roman Empire
What are coins?
Augustus' famous military commander and close friend who played a crucial role in his victories
Who was Marcus Agrippa?
Agrippina married this emperor in AD 49, becoming empress and his niece-wife
Who was Claudius?
Agrippina arranged for this influential philosopher to become Nero's tutor, helping shape his early education
Who is Seneca?
This year was when the volcano erupted, burying Pompeii and Herculaneum
What is 79 AD?
Former slaves who were manumitted were known by this term
What are freedmen (and women)?
This legendary lawgiver is said to have passed down the constitution, the education system, the communal meals, and more broadly, the values that shaped the Spartans' way of life
Who is Lycurgus?
Who were the Spartiates?
This honour was given to Augustus by the Senate in recognition that he had saved the country from the civil war that ended with the Battle of Actium in 31 BC
What is the civic crown (corona civica)?
Augustus established this elite force in Rome to protect the princeps and maintain political security
Who were the Praetorian Guard?
Agrippina's only son, whom she worked to position as Claudius' successor and who was responsible for her eventual death
Who is Nero?
When she realised her influence over Nero was declining, Agrippina attempted to support this individual for the role of princeps
Who is Britannicus?
This archaeological method has allowed researchers to reconstruct the final positions and circumstances of victims without simply relying on written sources
What are plaster casts?
Children born to parents who had been manumitted at the time of their birth belonged to this social class
Who are freeborn (ingenui) citizens?
This body of 30 individuals, which included the kings, represented the oligarchical element of the government. They debated and approved legislation, and acted as a court
Who are the gerousia?
The Spartan constitution
What is the Great Rhetra?
This title gave Augustus exceptional religious prestige and placed him at the head of Rome's major priestly colleges
What was Pontifex Maximus?
Augustus used military victory and the loyalty of the army to strengthen this aspect of his authority as princeps
What was his auctoritas?
Agrippina was the daughter of this famous Roman general and military hero
Who was Germanicus?
This historian wrote that Agrippina "had a quasi-official share in the administration of the principate" under her son
Who is Anthony Barrett?
This was the primary cause of death for the victims of HERCULANEUM
What is thermal shock from the pyroclastic surges?
These famous Pompeiian freedmen accrued considerable wealth as businessmen (possibly wine merchants), as evidenced by their 30-room house
Who are the Vettii Brothers?
This government body consisted of 5 members and were elected annually. Their duties included managing domestic threats, controlling the slave population, and determining the agenda of monthly meetings
Who are the ephors?
Non-citizen, artisan and merchant class
Who are the perioikoi?
This honorary title, meaning 'father of the country' was given to Augustus in 2 BC
Name ONE thing Augustus did to prevent anger amongst the retiring veteran soldiers during the demobilisation in 30 and 14 BC.
What is a one-off payment and/or allotment of agricultural land in Italy, Gaul and Spain?
This emperor was Agrippina's brother and became notorious for his erratic and increasingly autocratic rule
Who was Gaius?
Nero's relationship with this woman contributed to Agrippina's declining influence at court
Who was Poppaea Sabina?
These were the TWO main causes of death for the victims of Pompeii
What are asphyxiation from pyroclastic flows AND crush injuries from falling pumice?
Name ONE prominent woman from either Pompeii OR Herculaneum
Who are Mamia, Eumachia or Julia Felix?
This assembly consisted of male Spartan citizens who were over the age of 30 and who had completed the agoge
What are the apella or ekklesia?
What are poleis (singular: polis)?
The PRIMARY difference between Octavian's title of Augustus and Tribunica Potestas
What is Augustus is an auctoritas title and Tribunica Potestas is a title with potestas?
Augustus reduced the enormous armies inherited from the civil wars to approximately this number of legions
What is 28?
Agrippina arranged for Nero's marriage to Claudius' daughter as a means of further securing Nero's line in the succession
Who is Octavia?
Falsely accusing Agrippina of this allowed Nero to justify his murder of his mother
What is an assassination attempt?
This Roman author provided the only surviving eyewitness account of the eruption, writing about it in his letters to Tacitus
Who is Pliny the Younger?
This elite Herculaneum citizen funded the Suburban Baths, city walls, and the Youth Games. He also had no fewer than 10 statues erected in honour of him around the city
Who is Marcus Nonius Balbus?
Name ONE role of a Spartan king
What are political duties (debating laws), military duties (declaring war, leading the army, and controlling foreign diplomacy in-the-field), legal responsibilities (controlling the marriage of heiresses, adopting out orphaned children, and maintaining roads) or religious roles (chief priests of the state, regular sacrifices, and appointing pythioi)?
The Spartan 'secret' police which is believed to be responsible for the control of the helots
What is the krypteia?
A youthful Augustus wearing military armour, with Cupid at his feet and imagery referring to the recovery of Roman standards from the Parthians.
What is the Prima Porta Augustus?
This was the term of service for legionaries in 13 BC, and then adjusted in AD 6
What is 16 years, and then 20 years?
Agrippina was GRANDDAUGHTER to this famous military commander and GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER to this Princeps
Who are Agrippa and Augustus?
This historian wrote that "...in the end her threats and violent behaviour terrified him into deciding she must die"
Who is Suetonius?