Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Name two major functions of the skeleton other than protection
Shape & Support, Muscle Attachment / Movement, or Red Blood Cell Production
State the correct order of structures air passes through from the mouth/nasal passage to the gas exchange surface
Mouth/nasal passage ---> Trachea ---> Bronchi ---> Bronchioles ---> Alveoli
Identify the specific joint movement occurring at the ankle when a sprinter pushes off starting blocks
Plantar flexion
Identify the recognized fitness test used to measure cardiovascular endurance (stamina)
Multi-Stage Fitness Test (Beep Test) OR 12-Minute Cooper Run
State the mandatory mark scheme rule when asked to compare skill and ability.
You MUST reference BOTH: Skills are learned, practiced, and sport-specific, whereas Abilities are innate, genetically inherited, and enduring. (Stating "skill is learned" alone = 0 marks
Name two components of a synovial joint and give a different, specific physiological function for each
Examiner Warning: Writing "protects the joint" or "strengthens the joint" receives 0 marks for being Too Vague
State the summary word equations for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Identify the three essential components that make up any lever system in the human body
Fulcrum (pivot point), Effort (muscular force), and Load (resistance)
State what each letter in the FITT framework stands for when applying progressive overload
Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type
Name four of the six recognized characteristics of a skilled performance
Any four from: Fluent, Aesthetically Pleasing, Consistent, Accurate, Goal-Directed, or Coordinated
Describe the difference between an isometric contraction and an isotonic concentric contraction using a bicep curl as an example
Isometric produces force with no change in muscle length (holding a dumbbell static at 90°), whereas Isotonic Concentric causes the muscle to shorten under tension (lifting the dumbbell toward the shoulder)
State the formula for Cardiac Output ($Q$) and calculate the output for an athlete with a Heart Rate of 70 bpm and Stroke Volume of 80 mL
Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)
Calculation: 70 X 80 = 5600mL/min or 5.6L/min
State the mathematical equation for Newton's 2nd Law of Motion and describe how increasing muscular force affects a kicked ball
Force (F) = Mass (m) X Acceleration(a)
Increasing muscular force proportionally increases the acceleration of the ball
Define the training principles Specificity and Reversibility
Specificity means matching training to the specific demands of the activity/muscles used; Reversibility means fitness adaptations are lost when training stops or is reduced
Classify a tennis serve on the Open–Closed continuum and justify your choice
Closed skill because the environment is stable/predictable, opponents cannot affect the execution before contact, and the server controls the pace
Identify the agonist and antagonist operating at the knee joint during the preparation phase (bending the knee) of kicking a football
Hamstrings group is the agonist (contracting to flex the knee), and Quadriceps group is the antagonist (relaxing)
Describe the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation (inspiration) and the resulting change in lung volume
The diaphragm contracts and moves downward/flattens, the external intercostal muscles contract moving the ribs upward and outward, and lung volume increases
Compare the range of movement and structural stability of the shoulder joint with the knee joint
The shoulder (ball & socket) has a greater range of movement than the knee (hinge), BUT the knee is more stable than the shoulder (or shoulder is less stable than the knee)
Examiner Warning: You MUST explicitly reference BOTH joints in your answer
Describe Fartlek training and explain how it differs from continuous training
Fartlek ("speed play") involves continuous activity with variations in pace and terrain, working both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, whereas continuous training stays at a steady pace/intensity
Identify the four sequential stages of a simple information processing model.
Input ---> Decision-making ---> Output ---> Feedback
Compare Type I (slow-twitch) and Type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibres across force created, fatigue tolerance, and energy supply
Explain what EPOC stands for and how elevated breathing after exercise aids recovery from anaerobic effort
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption. High breathing rates supply oxygen to break down and remove accumulated lactic acid and replenish oxygen/ATP stores
Using Newton's 3rd Law of Motion, explain how a sprinter uses starting blocks to accelerate
The sprinter exerts a backward/downward force against the blocks, and the blocks exert an equal and opposite forward/upward Ground Reaction Force (GRF) that propels the sprinter forward
Define VO2\max and list three factors (other than gender) that affect an individual's VO2max level
Compare Short-Term Memory (STM) with Long-Term Memory (LTM), and explain the concept of single-channel hypothesis