Ability & Permission
Complete with a modal of ability: "Olga ___ speak English."
can (Olga can speak English.)
100% certainty (future only): "He ___ be here at 6:00."
will (He will be here at 6:00.)
This modal of advice is followed by "to": "I ___ study tonight."
ought to (I ought to study tonight.)
Polite request: "___ you please pass the salt?"
Will / Would / Could (Would you please pass the salt?)
Use semi-modal NEED (no obligation): "You ___ take off your shoes."
needn't (You needn't take off your shoes.)
Find and correct the error: "Olga can to speak English."
Olga can speak English. (Modals are followed by the simple form of the verb, without "to".)
Name the THREE modals that express less than 50% certainty. ("Where's John?" "He ___ be at the library.")
may, might, could
Advice with a threat of a bad result: "You ___ be on time, or we will leave without you."
had better (You had better be on time...)
Polite question to make a suggestion (with "I" or "we"): "___ I open the window?"
Shall (Shall I open the window?)
Find and correct the error: "How dare you to suggest she was lazy!"
How dare you suggest she was lazy! (no "to" after semi-modal dare)
Change to past ability: "I can run fast." (when I was a child)
I could run fast when I was a child.
95% certainty: "Mary isn't in class. She ___ be sick."
must (She must be sick.)
Change to the PAST: "I have to go to class today." (yesterday)
I had to go to class yesterday.
Preference: "I ___ go to the park than stay home."
would rather (I would rather go to the park than stay home.)
Make a question with semi-modal NEED (no do/does/did): we / write this down
Need we write this down? (Not: Do we need write this down?)
Which modal expresses FORMAL permission? "You ___ leave the room."
may (You may leave the room.)
Change to the PAST: "He might be at the library." (yesterday)
He might have been at the library. (modal + have + past participle)
Explain the difference: "You must not open that door." vs. "You don't have to open that door."
must not = prohibition (it is forbidden); don't have to = lack of necessity (it is not necessary)
Polite way to say "want": "I ___ an apple, please."
would like (I would like an apple, please.)
In "Go on, I dare you." is DARE a main verb or a semi-modal? Why?
Main verb: it means "challenge somebody" and it has an object (you).
"Can" has no future form. Complete: "I will ___ help you tomorrow."
be able to (I will be able to help you tomorrow.)
Impossibility (negative only): "That ___ be true!" Give TWO possible modals.
can't / couldn't (That can't be true! / That couldn't be true!)
Past advisability (regret): "I ___ (study) last night, but I didn't."
should have studied / ought to have studied
Repeated action in the past: "When I was a child, I ___ visit my grandparents every weekend."
would (I would visit my grandparents every weekend.)
Rewrite using DARE as a semi-modal: "Doesn't he dare to go there?"
Daren't he go there?