Church Power and Reform
The Church’s practice of selling positions within its ranks
What is simony?
The pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095
Who is Pope Urban II?
The Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 and faced the Third Crusade
Who is Saladin?
The Crusades boosted this between Europe and Asia
What is trade?
This medieval building style is known for high ceilings, pointed towers, and large windows
What is Gothic architecture?
When kings or nobles, rather than Church leaders, appointed bishops
What is lay investiture?
The city Urban II wanted Christians to capture
What is Jerusalem?
The English king known as “the Lion-Hearted”
Who is Richard I?
Europeans came home wanting these luxury goods from the East, such as spices and silk
What are Eastern goods (spices, silk, sugar)?
Colorful windows in cathedrals that taught Bible stories to people who couldn’t read
What is stained glass?
The punishment that cut a person off from the Church and its sacraments
What is excommunication?
The French town where Urban II gave his famous speech calling for a Crusade
What is Clermont?
The French king who joined Richard on the Third Crusade
Who is Philip II?
These two Italian port cities grew rich by shipping Crusaders and trading with the East
What are Venice and Genoa?
Gothic cathedrals used these arched supports on the outside of walls to hold up their great height
What are flying buttresses?
The pope who clashed with King Henry IV over who could appoint bishops
Who is Pope Gregory VII?
Urban II hoped the Crusades would send these two warring groups away from Europe
Who are rebellious kings and knights?
This German emperor, nicknamed Barbarossa, drowned on the way to the Holy Land
Who is Frederick I?
Contact with Muslim and Byzantine scholars brought Europeans new knowledge in these fields
What are math, medicine, and science?
This order, founded by Saint Dominic, focused on education and helping the poor
Who are the Dominicans?
In 1077, Henry IV stood in the snow outside this castle in Italy begging the pope’s forgiveness, showing the Church was strong enough to control kings
What is Canossa?
Urban II also hoped to help the Christians of this eastern empire, which had asked for help against the Seljuk Turks
What is the Byzantine Empire?
Jerusalem stayed under Muslim control, but the Third Crusade won this concession for Christians
What is allowing religious pilgrims into Jerusalem?
In the Fourth Crusade (1204), Crusaders attacked this Christian city, deepening the split between Western and Eastern Christians
What is Constantinople?
This order followed Saint Francis of Assisi’s example of poverty and humility, and its women’s branch was the Poor Clares
Who are the Franciscans?