Common Terms
The performance and refinement of skilled movement
Motor control
Perception, Cognition, Action
Individual
type of task: Golf swing
Discrete
Sensory Input + CNS Processing + Motor Output = ?
movement
Nervous system + muscular system + skeletal system
NMSK system (neuromuscular system)
sensory neurons that bring information from the body to the CNS
Afferent
Attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, emotional aspects of goals
Cognition
Movement must conform to environment
Regulatory
Brainstem regions
Midbrain, pons, medulla
Optimal movement variability
highly Complex movement/ moderately predictable
your body's ability to sense the position and movement of your joints and limbs without looking at them.
It is often called your "position sense" or "body awareness."
proprioception
Motor output to muscles Multiple equivalent outputs (many ways to get the same outcome) Degrees of freedom problem
Action
Movement does not need to conform to, but may be affected by these features
Non regulatory
Receptors of the brainstem
Vestibular, skin, joints, muscles
Filters CNS commands based on available joint integrity, ROM, force production capability, etc. to execute desired movement P
MSK (musculoskeletal)
system that encodes information about body position (segmental positions and environmental position) • aka Initial Conditions
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral sensory mechanisms Central processing for meaning State of body & environment
Perception
Sub category of Task:
Dribbling a soccer ball.
Manipulation
T/F: Afferent is sensory, and efferent is motor.
True
Movement includes ______ and ______ parameters
Linear: output is proportional to input
• Joint Torque: Torque =Muscle Force x moment arm
Nonlinear: output is not proportional to input
• Certain parameters cause new movements to emerge when gradually changed • walking to running;
control = velocity
•Neural organization of skilled movement
•Muscles joints, etc. share tasks
Synergies
Movement is directed by the central nervous system based on what three factors?
activity, place, person (individual, task, environment)
is the area beneath and between all points of the body that are in contact with the supporting surface.
BOS (base of support)
Relationship to Stability
Stability increases when:
✅ BOS is larger
✅ Center of gravity remains within the BOS
✅ Body mass is lower
Stability decreases when:
❌ BOS is smaller
❌ Center of gravity moves near the edge of the BOS
neurons located entirely within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons or connect neurons to other neurons.
They act as the "middlemen" of the nervous system, processing and integrating information before a response is produced.
Interneurons
ex. Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Motor neuron
Without the interneuron, the sensory and motor neurons would not be able to communicate effectively in many reflex pathways.
Integrates and weights sensory information
• Plans action based on initial conditions
• Sends action plans to MSK
CNS