Mutagens and Disease
Definitions
Amino Acids and Alterations
Base Changes
Mutations and Detection
100
Ethidium bromide typically causes this type of mutation: a) Reversions b) Insertions and Deletions c) Inversions d) Base substitutions
What is b) insertions and deletions
100
In a mutation where a purine is substituted for a purine, this change is called: a) Conservative b) Nonconservative c) Transition d) Transversion
What is c) Transition
100
Which of the following codons cannot arise from a nonsense mutation? a) TAA b) TAG c) TGA d) ATG
What is d) ATG
100
Which of the following most likely describes the phenotypic result of a base substitution at a splice junction consensus sequence? a) Null b) Hypermorphic c) Conservative d) Neutral
What is a) Null
100
Which mutation type can be detected using a restriction enzyme digest and gel electrophoresis? a) Insertions b) Deletions c) Base substitutions d) All of the above
What is d) All of the above
200
Which of the following mutagens produce DNA strand breaks as their DNA damage signature? A) X-Rays B) UV C) Aflatoxin D) Ethidium Bromide
What is a) X-Rays
200
The phenomenon of more than one type of mitochondrial genome within a cell or individual is known as: a) Hemizygosity b) Heteroplasmy c) Mosaicism d) Copy number variant
What is b) Heteroplasmy
200
An amino acid replacement that does not alter protein activity is best described as: a) Null b) Conservative c) Neutral d) Biased
What is c) Neutral
200
The term 'Transversion' best describes which of the following substitutions? a) Purine for purine b) Pyrimidine for pyrimidine c) Purine for pyrimidine d) Mutant for wild type phenotypes
What is c) Purine for pyrimidine
200
What is the most common mechanism for deletions between 1 and 1000 base pairs? a) DNA adducts b) Methylation c) Strand slippage d) Deamination
What is c) Strand slippage
300
UV radiation causes what type of DNA damage A) Thymine dimers B) Deamination C) Alkylation D) Enolization
What is A) Thymine dimers
300
A mutation that completely obliterates gene function is referred to as a ______ mutation: a) Silent b) Leaky c) Null d) Neutral
What is c) Null
300
Which mutation type below has the least likelihood of affecting protein function? a) Nonsense b) Frameshift c) Missense mutation d) Synonymous mutation
What is d) Synonymous mutation
300
Which mutation type would you choose to induce if you wanted the greatest likelihood to create a null mutant? a) Missense b) Synonymous c) Nonsense d) Spontaneous
What is c) Nonsense
300
Which mutation type can you detect using PCR amplification with primers upstream and downstream of the mutation? a) Transitions b) Transversions c) Insertions and deletions d) All of the above
What is c) Insertions and deletions
400
Reactive oxygen species cause this type of mutation to occur most frequently. a) G to C transversions b) T to C transitions c) C to T transitions d) A to T transitions e) G to T transversions
What is e) G to T transversions
400
Multiple alleles found in at least 1% of individuals in a population describes a: a) Germline mosaicism b) Polymorphism c) Somatic Mosaicism d) Polyploidy
What is b) Polymorphism
400
Which of the following best describes a mutation that could cause a conservative amino acid subsitution? a) Synonymous substitutions b) Frameshift mutations c) Missense mutations d) Nonsense mutations
What is c) missense mutations
400
Which spontaneous mutation type is the most commonly observed in vertebrate species? a) Transition b) Transversion c) Deletion d) Insertion
What is a) transition
400
In the E. coli lacI gene the sequence CCCCCC is most prone to which mutation type? a) Insertion b) Deletion c) Transition d) Transversion
What is b) Deletion
500
One of the following is not a genetic disease: A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease B) Tay-Sacs disease C) Cystic Fibrosis D) Achondroplasia
What is A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
500
A mutation within a gene that causes the altered protein product produced to gain a novel function is known as: a) Hypermorph b) Hypomorph c) Amorph d) Isomorph e) Neomorph
What is e) Neomorph
500
A nonsense mutation ultimately results in: a) an abnormal elongation of a polypeptide b) a premature termination of the synthesis of a polypeptide c) a large deletion within the reading frame of a gene d) a different amino acid that has little or no effect on protein function
What is b) a premature termination of the synthesis of a polypeptide
500
Which of the following most affects the rate of C to T transitions in a vertebrate genome? a) the level of reactive oxygen species b) the percentage of cytosines in the DNA sequence c) the amount of repeated sequence d) the degree to which the genome is methylated
What is d) the degree to which the genome is methylated
500
Which of the following necessarily leads to an increase in genome size? A) Gene conversion B) Mutation C) Retrotransposition D) Unequal crossover E) Transposition
What is C) Retrotransposition
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