Organelles
This organelle is known as the ‘control centre’ of the cell and safeguards genetic information.
What is the Nucleus?
Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of these building blocks, which fold into a very specific shape.
What are amino acids (or proteins)?
This is the main sugar molecule that is broken down during cellular respiration to produce energy.
What is Glucose?
This green pigment is located in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and absorbs sunlight to start photosynthesis
What is Chlorophyll?
This is the process by which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells for growth or repair.
What is Mitosis?
This gel-like matrix fills the space inside the cell, providing a medium where all of the cell’s chemical reactions occur.
What is the Cytoplasm (or Cytosol)?
This is the specific region on an enzyme that a substrate binds to.
What is the Active Site?
While anaerobic respiration is inefficient and produces only 2 ATP, aerobic respiration produces this many ATP per glucose molecule.
What is 36 ATP?
These two substances are the products of the photosynthesis chemical equation
What are Glucose and Oxygen?
According to complementary base pairing rules in DNA, Cytosine (C) always bonds with this base.
What is Guanine (G)?
Found only in plant cells, this rigid protective layer sits outside the cell membrane and is made of tough cellulose.
What is the Cell Wall?
If an enzyme is exposed to temperatures that are too high, it undergoes this permanent structural change, causing it to lose its function.
What is denaturation?
These are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria that provide a large surface area for respiratory chemical reactions to occur.
What are Cristae?
These structures, mostly located on the underside of a leaf, open to let carbon dioxide in and close to conserve water in hot environments
What are Stomata?
During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes line up along an imaginary plane equidistant from the two poles of the cell.
What is Metaphase?
Composed of flattened sacs called cisternae, this organelle acts as the shipping centre, sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles.
What is the Golgi Apparatus (or Golgi Body)?
This widely accepted model explains that an enzyme is a flexible structure that molds to fit the substrate perfectly, rather than being an exact, rigid fit from the start.
What is the Induced Fit Model?
When animal cells lack oxygen, they perform anaerobic respiration and produce 2 ATP along with this toxic by-product.
What is Lactic Acid?
The light-independent reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle, takes place in this specific fluid-filled area inside the chloroplast
What is the Stroma?
In the first step of DNA replication, this enzyme unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases.
What is Helicase?
These organelles act as the ‘pac-man’ of the cell, using digestive enzymes to break down unwanted materials, recycle nutrients, and defend against pathogens.
What are Lysosomes?
These molecules decrease enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme outside of the active site, which causes the active site to change shape so the substrate can no longer fit.
What are Non-competitive inhibitors?
This is the third and final stage of aerobic respiration, which occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
What is the Electron Transport Chain (or Oxidative Phosphorylation)?
This leaf layer sits just beneath the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed, upright, rectangular cells that contain high numbers of chloroplasts to maximize light absorption.
What is the Palisade layer?
DNA replication is described using this term because each resulting DNA molecule consists of one original parent strand and one newly built daughter strand.
What is Semi-conservative?