Agriculture
What two-word term describes having extra food left over after everyone in the village has enough to eat?
Food Surplus
What term describes people doing different specific jobs instead of every single person farming?
Job specialization
Where did most early societies build their towns?
Rivers.
Unequal control over what stored resource led directly to divisions between rich and poor in early towns?
The food surplus (stored grain/wealth)
What is a vocab word for people working together to achieve a goal?
Collaborate or collaboration
What word means adapting and breeding wild plants or animals to make them useful to humans?
Domestication
What is the name of the science and technology of melting rock to shape metal into strong tools?
Metallurgy
What do we call the flat land beside a river that gets coated with rich, fertile soil when the river overflows?
A floodplain
What do we call the different ranks or levels in a society based on a person's wealth, work, and power?
Social classes
What is the full term for a large, settled society where people live in cities and work in organized roles to thrive together?
A complex society (or civilization)
As farming provided a larger food supply, did human populations get smaller, stay the same size, or grow much larger?
They grew much larger (or denser).
What famous copper tool did scientists discover with Ötzi the Iceman that proved skilled metalworkers existed in the Neolithic Era?
A copper axe
What lifestyle allows people to build permanent houses and stay in one place instead of wandering like hunter-gatherers?
Settled life (or permanent settlement)
What about a home in early cities reveals that some citizens were wealthier than others?
Size of their house
Even after farming started, some groups chose not to settle down and kept moving with their animals in this lifestyle.
What is a nomadic lifestyle (or moving from place to place)?
What method did early farmers invent to bring river water straight into dry farm fields through ditches?
Irrigation
As jobs grew more divided, what organized system of leadership was created to make laws, keep order, and run big projects?
A government (or leadership)
In models of early river societies, why were houses grouped together away from the riverbank instead of directly on the water's edge?
To save the best fertile soil for crops (and protect houses from floods)
Which group of workers made up the largest class at the bottom of the ladder, doing the hard daily labor to feed the community?
Farmers
What word describes people who never settled down in towns and instead kept moving with their herds of livestock?
Nomads
Did agriculture start in only one single village and spread, or did it begin independently in multiple places around the world?
It began independently in multiple places around the world
Name 3 specialized jobs
Farmer
Tool-maker
Leader
Besides providing drinking water and fertile mud, how did rivers help separate communities connect with one another?
They served as routes for travel and trade (transportation)
Which two powerful groups usually held the top ranks in early societies to manage religion and enforce rules?
Priests and rulers (kings / government leaders)
What skill did early communities invent to keep count of traded items and track stored bags of grain?
Record-keeping (or early writing / counting systems)