Foundations
A patient with SIADH will have this serum osmolality.
What is low serum osmo (<275)
A patient with CHF and Na 125 is most likely this type of hyponatremia.
What is hypervolemic hyponatremia
A patient with vomiting x3 days presents with Na 128, low urine Na. Name the condition and the mechanism.
What is hypovolemic hyponatremia due to ADH activation?
Calcium gluconate is given in this condition for this purpose.
What is hyperkalemia for cardiac membrane stabilization?
Serum osm 285 with Na 125 suggests this. List two causes.
What is pseudohyponatremia? What are hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia (MM)?
ECG finding most associated with K 2.5.
What are U waves?
This electrolyte abnormality causes peaked T waves.
What is hyperkalemia
This electrolyte abnormality is most common in advanced CKD.
What is hyperphosphatemia?
A patient with Na 110 and seizures- initial treatment.
What is 3% hypertonic saline?
This electrolyte abnormality causes “stones, bones, groans, psychiatric overtones.”
What is hypercalcemia?
This type of AKI is caused by decreased renal perfusion.
What is prerenal?
FeNa <1% suggests this type of AKI.
What is prerenal
Expected compensation formula for metabolic acidosis.
What is Winter's formula
Post-renal AKI is most commonly caused by this.
What is BPH or kinked catheter?
Target hemoglobin when treating CKD anemia.
What is approx 10 g/dL?
This GFR defines Stage 3 CKD.
What is GFR 30-59?
First-line medication class to slow CKD progression in diabetics.
What is ACEs or ARBs
Muddy brown casts are seen in this condition.
What is acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Indication to start dialysis using “AEIOU” – name them.
What are acidosis, electrolytes, intoxication, overload, and uremia?
This lab abnormality drives secondary hyperparathyroidism first.
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Primary disturbance: pH 7.30, CO₂ 50
What is respiratory acidosis?
pH 7.50, HCO₃ 32
What is metabolic alkalosis
These three electrolyte abnormalities are associated with chronic thiazide diuretic use.
What are hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, and hyponatremia
Hypercalcemia → increased distal Ca²⁺ reabsorption
Hyperglycemia → Cause hypokalemia → impairs insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, may also contribute to insulin resistance
Hyponatremia → Inhibit Na⁺ reabsorption in the distal tubule → ↑ sodium loss, impair the kidney’s ability to dilute urine
pH normal, CO₂ high, HCO₃ high → interpretation
What is fully compensated respiratory acidosis?
Contrast-induced nephropathy is a subtype of this.
What is ATN?