Development of the Nervous System
What single cell begins cell division in the pre-embryonic stage?
A fertilized ovum
The fastest growing structure of the infant brain
Cerebellum
This is a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal due to a misshapen skull pushing the brain down
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Allows for a shifting of operations from one region of the brain to the same region in the opposite hemisphere
Homologous Area Adaptation
Imaging doing an activity activates areas of the brain similar to those active during the actual engagement of the activity
Mental Practice
During the embryonic stage, what develops into the dermis, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems?
Mesoderm
When only about 50% of the neurons you are initially born with survive into adulthood to create a more efficient system
Neuronal Death
A condition in which there is a deletion of a motor neuron gene, resulting in muscle weakness as the motor neurons degenerate
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Involves persistent, long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses between neurons and within the neural networks that requires synthesis of new proteins, growth of new synapses, and modification of existing synapses
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
This is successfully used to reduce phantom limb pain after UE amputation, creates the visual illusion that both extremities are engaged
(Seen on Grey's Anatomy)
Mirror Therapy
Cells adjacent to the neural tube separate and the remaining ectoderm forms this
Neural crest
An increase in this enhances learning capacity due to increasing connections between the hemispheres
White matter
A conditioning in which the end of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebrae, thus connecting the spinal cord to the bone and can result in progressive LE weakness, deterioration in walking, and back pain
Tethered spinal cord
After an amputation, areas that once represented the amputated limb are taken over by adjacent areas of the cortex, which can result in phantom limb syndrome
When one person watches another person engaging in an activity with the intention of physically performing the activity themselves, which activates the premotor cortex and found to promote cortical reorganization and recovery of function post-injury
Action Observation
1. The anteromedial of somite that becomes the vertebrae and skull
2. The posteromedial of somite that becomes skeletal muscles
3. The lateral part of somite that becomes the dermis
1. sclerotome
2. myotome
3. dermatome
This is the last brain region to fully develop, usually between the ages of 25-30
The frontal lobe
A condition in which a child has an abnormally small head, malformation of brain structures, and cognitive, movement, and behavioral problems.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
An area that previously processed a particular type of sensory input now receives input from another sensory source, often a result of decreased sensory input to a cortical region (ex: blindness)
Cross-Modal Reassignment
The ability to influence neuroplasticity by genetically modifying existing neurons to make and secrete chemicals in the brain
Genetic Manipulation
1. In a mature spinal cord, gray matter derived from the motor plate and is called this
2. In a mature spinal cord, gray matter derived from the association plate is called this
1. Ventral horn
2. Dorsal horn
Enhanced connections, changes in the brain's reward system, and changes in the balance between the limbic system and the frontal lobe contribute to this
Increase in risky behaviors in the teenage years
A condition in which there is abnormal shape of caudate and putamen (part of the basal ganglia), a larger than normal amygdala, and abnormal communication among the cerebral hemispheres
Autism Spectrum Disorder
The reorganization of preexisting neural networks allowing for the performance of a function to be carried out successfully in the absence of networks that previously supported that function
Compensatory Masquerade
This is a painless, non-invasive procedure in which an electrical coil is put near the scalp to generate a magnetic field that passes through the skull and activates local neurons to enhance or inhibit motor learning and memory formation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)