The Abnormal Brain
If I Recall Correctly...
Cocaine is a hell of a drug
Abstract Thought
One Word: Plastics
100
In order to declare a high likelihood of Alzheimer Disease pathology being present in a patient with mild cognitive impairment, what evidence/biomarkers do you need?
Powerpoint slide 1
100
What can chromatin signaling change?
What is gene expression?
100
This short-term IEG is robustly upregulated following injection of cocaine. This long-term IEG is upregulated following several injections of cocaine.
What is c-Fos and ΔFosB?
100
Integration and organization of information, abstract thought, and planning of goal-directed behavior.
What are three main functions of the PFC?
100
This is the molecular mechanism responsible for the sliding threshold observed in the sliding threshold model of metaplasticity.
What is subunit composition of NMDA receptors? NR2B>NR2A shifts threshold down NR2A>NR2B shifts threshold up
200
What is the current consensus on the natural history of Alzheimer Disease?
Powerpoint slide 2
200
Dynamin and Endophilin
What are the two proteins that interacts with Arc during endocytosis?
200
These are the 3 different learning scenarios presented in class. (and definitions)
What are 1) supervised learning, 2) unsupervised learning, and 3) reinforcement learning?
200
These are the two types of consciousness that have been traditionally studied. (give definitions)
What is state consciousness and what is content consciousness?
200
Draw on the board the expected ocular dominance pattern you would observe in the visual cortex.
Powerpoint slide 5
300
What is a seizure and what is the cellular manifestation of a seizure?
Powerpoint slide 3
300
CREB, NFAT, NFkB
What are neuronal-activity dependent transcription factors? Powerpoint slide 8
300
As drug abuse becomes more habitual, there is a shift from reliance on ___ striatal circuits to ___ striatal circuits.
What are ventral and dorsal?
300
These are the 3 general ideas about consciousness that have been experimentally tested.
What are 1) anatomical localization, 2) neural activity thresholds, and 3) dynamic functional connectivity?
300
Name 1 difference between the sliding threshold and scaling plasticity model
Sliding threshold acts on plasticity induction mechanism Homeostatic scaling acts on the current state of all synapses
400
Individuals with Down Syndrome and those with Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions both have epilepsy however the etiology of the disease differs. What is the cause for each?
Down Syndrome leads to abnormal dendritic structure; Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions is due to mutation in potassium ion channel.
400
Imagine you are going to practice Morris Water Maze experiment using both WT and Arc KO mice. What result do you expect to see? Can you give some reasonable explanation?
Have deficiency in spatial memory. Because synaptic scaling and mGluR-LTD are affected in Arc KO mice. Both are involved in memory.
400
What is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytics?
Antipsychotics block D2 dopamine receptors, antidepressants typically work to block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, and anti-anxiety drugs potentiate effects of GABA at GABA receptors
400
Describe an example of PFC neurons encoding abstract properties of stimuli.
Powerpoint slide 4
400
Following monocular deprivation in a mouse, what happens to the amplitude of visually evoked potentials in a) the contralateral eye and b) the ipsilateral eye?
Goes down in contralateral eye first and then there is potentiation of response for both eyes.
500
What does bisulfite sequencing allow one to measure and how does it work?
Measures DNA methylation. Converts cytosine to uracil but not methylated cytosine.
500
Give examples of two distinct forms of memory, and explain a) where the locus of this memory is thought to be b) what types of experiments probe this form of memory c) whether HM retained each type of memory that you described.
Powerpoint slide 7
500
These equations are associated with the 1) Hebbian Associative model, 2) Rescorla-Wagner model, and 3) the Temporal Difference model.
1) △Vi ∝r V: associative strength of stimulus i r: reward 2) △Vi ∝ ẟ where ẟ = (r - ΣVj) , a prediction error 3) △Vi ∝ ẟt where ẟt = rt + Ut+1 - Ut Recognize the strengths and the weaknesses of each of these
500
What is theory of mind and what is a common disorder that shoes a deficit of theory of mind?
ToM - ability to attribute mental states to others Common disorder - autism
500
This is the equation for synaptic modification in the sliding threshold model.
Powerpoint slide 6
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