Brain Development
Disorders
Neuroimaging
Neuropharmacology
Sensation and Perception
100

This early neurodevelopmental structure will form the cerebral hemispheres:

  • A. diencephalon
  • B. telencephalon
  • C. mesencephalon
  • D. metencephalon
  • B. telencephalon
100

Neuronal death in Parkinson's disease is typically most prominent in which of the following areas?

  • A. cerebellum
  • B. amygdala
  • C. prefrontal cortex
  • D. substantia nigra
  • D. substantia nigra
100

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) primarily measure?

  • A. the electrical activity of single neurons
  • B. the electrical activity of populations of neurons active at the same time
  • C. changes in cerebral blood flow
  • D. action potentials in subcortical structures
  • B. the electrical activity of populations of neurons active at the same time
100

Which of the following receptors is the primary direct target of the benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Klonopin)?

  • A. glutamate
  • B. serotonin
  • C. dopamine
  • D. GABA
  • D. GABA
100

The optic disc is a part of the eye where:

  • A. we have our highest density of photoreceptors
  • B. there are no photoreceptors present
  • C. there are only rods (but no cones) present
  • D. there are only cones (but no rods) present
  • B. there are no photoreceptors present
200

This neural tube structure will eventually form the pons and cerebellum:

  • A. prosencephalon
  • B. diencephalon
  • C. mesencephalon
  • D. metencephalon
  • D. metencephalon
200

Almost all drugs commonly used to treat schizophrenia have this as a key component of their pharmacological action:

  • A. stimulating serotonin receptors
  • B. stimulating dopamine receptors
  • C. blocking serotonin receptors
  • D. blocking dopamine receptors
  • D. blocking dopamine receptors
200

The most commonly used method in functional MRI (fMRI) for detecting brain activity is based on which signal?

  • A. EEG (electroencephalographic) signal
  • B. BOLD (blood-oxygen-level–dependent) signal
  • C. DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) signal
  • D. MEG (magnetoencephalographic) signal
  • B. BOLD (blood-oxygen-level–dependent) signal
200

Which of the following is thought to be the primary mechanism of action of amphetamine in the brain?

  • A. blocking the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, & serotonin
  • B. increasing the release of glutamate
  • C. increasing the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, & serotonin
  • D. blocking the release of glutamate
  • C. increasing the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, & serotonin
200

Destiny accidentally touches a hot stove and experiences immediate pain. The pain is sent to her brain primarily along which of these pathways?

  • A. corticospinal tract
  • B. dorsal columns-medial lemniscus tract
  • C. spinothalamic tract
  • D. spinocerebellar tract
  • C. spinothalamic tract
300

During prenatal neural development, the primary action of GABA is:

  • A. inhibitory
  • B. excitatory
  • B. excitatory
300

Multiple studies have found that the hippocampi tend to be _______________ in depressed patients.

  • A. smaller
  • B. larger
  • C. overactive
  • D. absent
  • A. smaller
300

Which of the following describes how functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) works?

  • A. Measures electrical signals from the scalp to record brain activity
  • B. Uses radioactive tracers to measure thinks like metabolism, blood flow, etc.
  • C. Detects changes in blood oxygen levels to identify active brain regions
  • D. Uses X-rays to create images of brain structure
  • C. Detects changes in blood oxygen levels to identify active brain regions
300

Caffeine's stimulant effects are thought to be primarily attributable to its action as an ______________ at adenosine receptors.

  • A. agonist
  • B. antagonist
  • C. allosteric modulator
  • D. inverse agonist
  • B. antagonist
300

 What is the correct term for the small bumps that cover the tongue?

  • A. taste buds
  • B. papillae
  • C. taste receptors
  • D. microvilli
  • B. papillae
400

Spina bifida is a disorder that results from disrupted formation of which of the following structures during early embryonic development?

  • A. meninges
  • B. neural crest
  • C. vertebral arch
  • D. neural tube
  • D. neural tube
400

The symptoms of this disease are thought to be primarily attributable to damage to the myelin sheaths of neurons in the brain and spinal cord caused by an autoimmune attack:

  • A. Alzheimer's disease
  • B. Parkinson's disease
  • C. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
  • C. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
400

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques provides information about what parts of the brain were most active while the image was acquired?

  • A. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • B. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • C. computed tomography (CT)
  • D. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
  • A. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
400

The pharmacology of alcohol is complex and still not completely understood, but its main mechanism of action is thought to involve:

  • A. increased GABA activity and decreased glutamate activity
  • B. increased glutamate activity and decreased serotonin activity
  • C. decreased norepinephrine activity and decreased GABA activity
  • D. decreased serotonin activity and decreased norepinephrine activity
  • A. increased GABA activity and decreased glutamate activity
400

These cells are the main receptor cells for both the auditory and vestibular systems:

  • A. Bipolar cells
  • B. Purkinje cells
  • C. Hair cells
  • D. Basket cells
  • C. Hair cells
500

Which specialized structure, derived from ectoderm, forms during early embryonic development and eventually gives rise to the neural tube?

  • A. neural crest
  • B. notochord
  • C. somite
  • D. neural plate
  • D. neural plate
500

 Which condition below is caused by the failure of the neural tube to form or close properly in early neural development:

  • A. Phenylketonuria
  • B. Fragile X syndrome
  • C. Spina bifida
  • D. Down syndrome
  • C. Spina bifida
500

Which type of neuroimaging involves the injection of a radioactive tracer and the measurement of gamma rays to assess brain activity by tracking the distribution of the tracer (e.g., reflecting metabolic activity or blood flow)?

  • A. positron emission tomography (PET)
  • B. computerized tomography (CT)
  • C. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • D. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • A. positron emission tomography (PET)
500

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of action of cocaine in the brain?

  • A. Inhibition of voltage-gated potassium channels
  • B. Stimulation of serotonin synthesis
  • C. Inhibition of monoamine reuptake
  • D. Blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors
  • C. Inhibition of monoamine reuptake
500

If you are outside at night and moonlight is the only illumination, will rods or cones contribute more to your vision?

  • A. rods
  • B. cones
  • C. rods and cones would both contribute equally to vision in moonlight
  • A. rods
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