Synthesis and Storage
Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized here and into this type of vesicles.
What is the soma? What is large dense core vesicles?
This protein triggers vesicular fusion to the membrane and binds to this ion.
What is Synaptotagmin? What is Ca++?
Another name for the "first messenger"
What is a ligand?
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)
What is acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?
When APs from different axons synapse at the same time
What is spatial summation?
In this type of neuron, two molecules form NT via single enzyme. Name the NT it forms.
Cholinergic; AcH
QUICK!!! Put these components of neurotransmitter release in order. (ex: D-E-B-A-C).
A. SNAREs change conformation, pulling a vesicle toward the terminal membrane
B. action potentials depolarize the terminal bouton membrane
C. voltage-gated Ca++ channels open
D. Ca++ enters the terminal bouton
E. vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
B-C-D-A-E
The molecule reacting with calcium to form a complex in the IP3/DAG cascade
What is Calmodulin?
2) class of enzymes that remove phosphates
What are 1) kinases and 2) phosphotases?
When an IPSP negates the effect of an upstream EPSP
What is shunting inhibition?
These molecules serve as the precursors for most neurotransmitters, which are synthesized in this part of the neuron.
What are amino acids? What is the presynaptic terminal?
At a highly active synapse, this process is necessary to prevent the presynaptic terminal from continuously increasing in surface area.
What is endocytosis of the vesicular membrane?
In the Acetylcholine "shortcut" pathway:
1) The receptors that bind ACh
2) The ion channels that are opened as a result
What are 1) Muscarinic receptors and 2) potassium channels?
In the muscarinic acetylcholine pathway, the βγ subunit directly interacts with this membrane protein.
What is a potassium (K⁺) channel?
What are gap junctions?
This provides the driving force for loading neurotransmitters into vesicles. Describe it briefly.
Proton gradient;protons out of vesicles and NT into vesicles
Name the chain of events that occur in the end product inhibition pathway during high levels of neuronal activity.
Increased NE release → decreased cytosolic NE concentration → reduced feedback (end-product) inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase → increased TH activity → rapid norepinephrine synthesis to support release.
2) The protein activated by IP3
What is 1) PKC and 2) intracellular Ca++ channel?
This enzyme degrades cAMP and thereby reduces PKA activation, serving as a major mechanism for terminating this signaling cascade.
What is cAMP phosphodiesterase?
What is the adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade?
What is +5 mV?
You are a hard working dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) responsible for making a neurotransmitter in the cell. You and all your DBH coworkers go on strike because of bad working conditions. The production of what neurotransmitter would be directly implicated?
If you wanted to have the MOST impact on the synthesis of this neurotransmitter what enzyme in your pathway should you recruit in your strike.
What is Norepinephrine? What is Tyrosine Hydroxylase?
By performing this manipulation, Loewi showed that a diffusible substance released by vagal stimulation could slow a second heart, establishing this fundamental principle of nervous system communication, concerning this neurotransmitter.
What was opening the valve connecting the hearts?
What was chemical neurotransmission?
What was acetylcholine?
In the cAMP cascade, they are:
1) the ligand
2) the effector enzyme
3) the protein activated by cAMP
What is 1) NE, 2) AC, and 3) PKA?
Three proteins that decrease intracellular calcium (in the cytosol)
Hint: still counts if it indirectly affects Ca++
What are inositol phosphatase, SERCA pumps, and Ca++ ATPase pumps?
You're a neurotransmitter and you just got done binding to a post-synaptic receptor. Name two ways that you might be cleared from the synaptic cleft.
What is diffusion, reuptake, degradation.
Just for fun... What medication commonly used to treat clinical depression inhibits one of these mechanisms?