Gods/Goddesses
The God of the underworld was ...
Osiris.
The first pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt was ...
Ahmose I.
Building programs served both a ... and ... purpose.
Political and religious.
Hatshepsut's rule was controversial as she was ...
a female who overpowered her step-son and assumed the throne.
Barry Kemp argues that ideology ...
needs architecture for its fullest expression.
The jackal-headed god of the dead was ...
Anubis.
Breasted argued that (who?) was the "napoleon of Egypt"... for his (how many?) military campaigns.
Thutmose III for his 17 (known) military campaigns.
Who made the largest contribution to the Karnak Temple during the 18th dynasty?
Thutmose III.
How does Hatshepsut's Red Chapel relate to the impact of the Hyksos?
She emphasises her role in restoring what was in ruins from the Hyksos rule.
What did Manetho say about the Hyksos rule in Egypt?
That it was a dark and deeply humiliating period.
Why was the syncretism of Amun and Re/Ra significant?
It united the abstract, invisible creator of the universe (Amun) with the visible, life-giving sun god (Ra). Barry Kemp argues that it was a deliberate theological move to combine sun worship with Amun in a human form, making him a more understandable and accessible god for the people of Egypt.
Seqenenre Tao II - initiated the wars and established Thebes as a military base.
Kamose - laid the strategic groundwork for Ahmose and pushed Theban rule further northward.
Ahmose - successfully expelled the Hyksos
Which pharaoh had the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings?
Thutmose I. As he was not royal bloodline, he had to justify his rulership to a greater degree; he achieved this through building programs and by developing new foundations of kingship.
Outline 3 changes to Hatshepsut's title and image over time.
As wife - 'Gods Wife of Amun' and 'King's Great Wife'
As regent and/or co-regent - titles that allude to her ambition, "lady of the two lands". Performs kingly duties such as reliefs depicting her erecting obelisks.
As king - warrior-pharaoh imagery (sphinx at Deir el-Bahri), scribes refer to her in both masculine and feminine form - "her majesty, king maatkare".
What does Ann Macy Roth say about Hatshepsut's mortuary temple?
She argues that it was her "principal architectural achievement."
Who was Horemhakhet? Which pharaoh incorporated him into his "oracle"?
Meaning, Horus on the Horizon and Great Sphinx of Giza. Thutmose IV claimed the "Dream Stela".
Thutmose IV is widely recognised as the first 18th Dynasty pharaoh to introduce what?
To formalise international peace treaties and diplomatic relations through marriages with foreign princesses. For example, he solidified Egypt's relations with Mitanni Empire (northern Syria and Mesopotamia) by marrying their princess.
Where in Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri mortuary temple would you find the reliefs depicting her expedition to Punt? Why was this expedition significant?
Southern (left) side of the middle (2nd) terrace. Depict ships and resources obtained. Significant in promoting Hatshepsut's successes, later attributed to Amun, wealth obtained then enhanced cult of Amun and relative religious practices.
Explain the significance of Hatshepsut's Divine Birth and Coronation Reliefs? Need to refer to at least 3 specific scenes.
Fundamentally legitimised her rule by rewriting her history to claim divine descent. Proposes an oracle.
Scenes of impregnation with ankh, god Khnum fashioning ka and body on potters wheel, scenes of Queen Ahmose being led to birthing room, Ahmose shown with midwives, or coronation - Amun presenting Hatshepsut to the gods.
Jennifer Lawson argues that Hatshepsut did what for the cult of Amun?
That she did more than anyone before her to elevate the cult of Amun.
Which Goddesses (identify a minimum of 2) did Hatshepsut mostly associate herself with?
Hathor - cow goddess; divine, maternal authority; ultimately used to legitimise authority.
Pakhet - lion goddess of war (connected to the desert and protection); to aid Hatshepsut's political agenda in Egypt's restoration of temples after Hyksos. Mostly identified at rock-cut sancutuary at Beni Hasan (Speos Artemidos).
Ma'at - feather headed goddess of protection, truth and justice; evidenced in Hatshepsut's pharaonic title, Maatkare.
What was the main contribution of Amenhotep II? Who was his father?
Son of Thutmose III. Amenhotep II is accredited with being highly successful in maintaining the continuation of Egypt's imperial peak. He successfully suppressed rebellions in the Levant - occupying territorial buffers. Allowed for the transition of unprecedented diplomatic stability (later seen with his son, Thut IV).
What did Ahmose build at Avaris, and why did he?
Ahmose built a palace and military infrastructure at Avaris (the capital of the Hyksos), to secure his newly unified kingdom, project his power, and maintain a strategic foothold on Egypt's eastern border.
What was Hatshepsut's relationship with Amun? Why was it significant?
Initially, Gods Wife of Amun - later, claimed to be of divine descent. Hatshepsut elevated the status and influence of Gods Wife of Amun. Claiming divine descent allowed her to legitimise authority. Followed kingly traditions.
What is the main difference between interpretations of Alan Gardiner and Joyce Tyldesley?
Gardiner proposes the view that a woman (even of the most virile character) could possess that much power without masculine support. Whereas, Tyldesley proposes that her reign was peaceful and prosperous, accrediting her "usurpation" to be more of a "political manouver".