Measurement
What is the conversion rate for KTS -> MPH
1 KTS -> 1.15 MPH
Up Stream Vs Down Stream
Direction weather is coming from
Direction weather is heading to
Mean Sea Level
Sea Level Pressure
Mean Sea Level: a global reference point 0Ft used to measure elevation and altitude
Sea level Pressure: Atmospheric pressure at mean sea level Standard for upper air analysis
Frictional Force
Fictional Force: Opposes parcel movement only exists between earths surface and the boundary layer.
Increase or decrease in terrain increase/ decreases friction
increase / decreases in friction has an inverse response to speed
Name all 8 Cardinal Directions and their corresponding degrees
North - 360°
Northeast - 45°
East - 90°
Southeast - 135°
South - 180°
Southwest - 225°
West - 270°
Northwest - 315°
Standard sea level pressure in both Millibars and Inches of Mercury
1013.2 MB -> 29.92 InHg
What is Curved Flow
An imbalance between both gradient and Coriolis forces causing a curve in the atmosphere's flow.
Rotation is determined by strength difference of the forces (clockwise or counterclockwise)
Above Ground Level
Station Pressure
Above Ground Level: The altitude measured from the physical surface that varies with terrain
Station Pressure: Pressure adjusted for the elevation of the reporting station
Coriolis Force
Describe Coriolis Force's Properties
Coriolis Force: Opposing force of gradient force that deflects moving objects like air flow due to the earths rotation.
in the northern hemisphere the deflection is to the right of the relative wind flow; strength varies with latitude strongest near the poles and weakest near the equator
Define Relativity
Relativity: The ability to look at the relationship and interaction between two values or features without any other outside comparison or fixed standard.
What is the moisture levels for the given Dew-Point Depression Values:
>5°C:
0°C:
1-5°C :
Dry Air, Moist Air, Saturated
What is Moisture Advection and the 2 types.
changes in dew-point temperature and dew point depression
Dry Air Advection: Dry air from land moves over the water
Moist Air Advection: Moist Maritime water moves onto and over Land
Dew Point
Dew Point Depression
Dew Point: Temperature at which air become saturated
Dew Point Depression: The difference between ambient and dew point temperatures that indicate the level of saturation in an air parcel or a column of air
Gradient Force Definition
Describe the two types of Gradient Forces
Gradient Force: Describes the rate of change in value over distance. Determines wind speed in upper and lower atmosphere.
Contour Gradient Force: Initiates winds above the surface
Pressure Gradient Force: Initiates surface winds
Difference between the suffixes -ly and -ward
-ly: Indicates wind origin, where the wind is coming from
-ward: Indicates wind destination
What are the Millibar values of the different tropospheric Layers
Upper Atmosphere -> 250 MB
Lower Atmosphere -> 700 MB
Planetary Boundary Layer -> 850 MB
Explain the difference between Barotropic Vs Baroclinic
Barotropic: Weather systems whose; Isotherms, Isobars, and Contours closely match. This indicates minimal temperature advection
Baroclinic: Weather system whose; isotherms are perpendicular to Isobars and Contours. This indicates significant temperature.
Insolation
Eradiation
Insolation: Solar radiation absorbed by earth during the day
Eradiation: Heat released back into the atmosphere at night
Chimney Effect
Chimney Effect: Refers to the upward vertical motion of warm air caused by either lower level convergence or upper level divergence.
name the parcel types and stability of them
Warm/Moist - Most Unstable
Warm/Dry - Unstable
Cold/Moist - Stable
Cold/Dry - Most Stable
What is the average laps rate
Also know as the vertical temperature change
2°C per 1000Ft
explain level of Non-Divergence
the area of the atmosphere where the convergence or divergence switches to the opposite effect.
adiabatic cooling
Adiabatic warming
adiabatic cooling: The process by which a rising air parcel releases heat into the atmosphere and decreases in temperature until it reaches equilibrium.
Adiabatic warming: The process by which a sinking air parcel absorbs heat in the atmosphere and increases in temperature until it reaches equilibrium
Damper Effect
Damper Effect: Refers to the downward vertical motion of cold air caused by either lower-level divergence or upper-level convergence.
what are atmospheric heights measured in and how many meters is it
Decameters - 1 Dan = 10 meters