Lipids
lipids
substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents
protein classification is based on
-complexity
-structural organization/shape
-solubility
stored vitamins in the body
-fat soluble vitamins, except vitamin K
-B6 and B12
Inorganic colorants
-contain transition metals
-absorb light by electron transfer
C6C3C6 carbon skeleton
fatty acids
lipids with an aliphatic chain and a carboxylic group
hydrophobic amino acids
-glycine
-alanine
-valine
-leucine
-isoleucine
-proline
-methionine
-phenylalanine
-tryptophan
fat soluble vitamins are derived from ___ and regulate _____
-cholesterol
-calcium homeostasis
Organic colorants
-absorb light by the conjugated system
-alternating single-double bonds)
characteristics of anthocyanidin
electron deficient, highly reactive, discoloration
Trans vs. Cis
configuration of double bonds
tertiary structure
-spatial arrangement or folding
-result of energy minimization
Vitamin A forms and functions
-alcohol: retinol (reproduction)
-aldehyde: retinal (vision)
-acid: retinoic acid (protein metabolism)
Types of tannins
hydrolyzable and condensed
Polyphenol oxidase
catalyze enzymatic browning
melting point of fatty acids
dependent on the chain length, and number, position, and configuration of double bonds
forces that stabilize protein structures
-hydrogen bond
-hydrophobic interaction
-van de waals/ dispersion force
-ionic binding/ electrostatic interaction
-covalent binding
vitamin D is sensitive to
-light
-oxidation
-alkali
Tannins with an acidic pH are ____ in color
light
substrates of enzymatic browning
polyphenols and oxygen
factors affecting melting point
-length of fatty acid chain
-degree of saturation
-configuration of double bonds
-location of double bonds
protein denaturation
major changes in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures without cleavage of backbone peptide bonds
tocotrienols double bonds positions
-3'
-7'
-11'
Tannins with a basic pH are ____ in color
dark
element in polyphenol oxidase
copper