Ch. 1 Science of Nutrition
In a scientific experiment created to test the hypothesis that caffeine improves memory, what would the treatment be (aka independent variable) and who would receive it?
caffeine dose, experimental group
These are substances essential for health that have a specific biological function. The body can't make them and they must be consumed through the diet.
Nutrients
this is a fake treatment given to the control group in an experiment
placebo
Cheeto's provide 2% of the daily value (DV) for potassium and 160 calories per serving. They also provide 15% of the DV for fat. Considering their potassium content, are they considered nutrient dense ? (Show your calculations)
160 calories per serving/2000 calories (DV amount) x 100= 8% of calorie needs.
Since they provide more energy (calorie) needs than nutrients they are not nutrient dense. In fact, because they provide lots of fat and calories but little nutrients, they are considered an empty calorie food.
This term is for the maximum daily intake level of a nutrient that will not cause adverse health effects in most people.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Lack of access to a variety and a sufficient quantity of high quality food is called
food insecurity
These are the three routes of contamination for food borne illnesses.
Fecal oral, directly from infected individual or cross contamination.
These classes of nutrients are considered inorganic and do not yield any energy
water and minerals
This is a protein based molecule that is a catalyst, which means it speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. It is a maker and breaker of bonds.
enzyme
in this type of study, neither the researchers nor the subjects know who receives the treatment.
double blind
health
This is the term for reference intake that is set to meet the needs of almost all healthy people.
RDA (recommended dietary allowance)
Those who are only able t grow enough food for their families and not enough to sell extra are called
subsistence farmers
These four bacteria are responsible for most bacterial foodborne infections.
Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter and Staphylococcus aureus.
This type of fatty acid has a bent or kinked shape due to the double bonding of carbons. It is common in plant triglycerides.
unsaturated
this is the term for the physical drive/need for food
hunger
These are the building blocks (monomers) or proteins
amino acids
In assessing nutrition status, doctors often use the ABCDE's. This particular assessment involves a doctor searching for physical evidence of disease on the body. Examples would be: Checking over skin for bruising or lesions, checking blood pressure or testing movement or reflexes.
Clinical
The nutrition facts panel on food labels uses these amounts of nutrients as a generic standard for people to quickly assess nutrient contents.
Daily Value
These are some of the accepted g techniques for foods that are labeled organic
biological pest management, manure application, composting and crop rotation
This bacteria is often harmless but some strains can produce a powerful toxin. This can cause bloody diarrhea, kidney failure and even death. It can contaminate lettuce and spinach, unpasteurized milk and undercooked meat.
E.coli
This type of fat is composed of 3 fatty acid tails and a glycerol head. It is the main form of fat in food and is a long term energy storage form for humans.
Triglycerides
In assessing nutrition status, doctors often use the ABCDE's. This particular assessment involves measuring the concentration of nutrients or by-products in the blood or urine. Examples would be: checking blood for cholesterol or thiamin levels.
Biochemical
When a deficiency is present but not severe enough to produce signs that can be diagnosed, the deficiency is said to be
subclinical
Unlike how the AI's and RDA's are set to meet the needs of everyone, this number is set low. It is set to meet the average calorie needs for each life stage group based on age gender and physical activity.
Estimated Energy Requirement
Foods that are not nutrient dense are often called ______ because they are high in sugar or fat but not nutrients.
Empty calorie
Describe what bt corn is and what its purpose is.
Bt corn in a GM (genetically modified) food. Recombinant DNA technology is used to take the gene of a protein from bacteria and insert it into corn. The protein is toxic to European corn borers which normally destroy corn. The bt gene makes the corn pest resistant.
What is the danger zone for temperatures of food?
41-135oF. This means food should be kept at less than 40 or over 135. Food must be cooked to 212oF to killl bacteria. Restaurants typically hold food at 135-165 after it is cooked.
This is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1000 grams of water 1 degree C.
kiloCalorie, kcal, Calorie (notice the capitol C)
These macromolecules are made of many monosaccharides, such as glucose, bound together.Examples are starch, fiber and glycogen.
Polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates
These vitamins are harder to excrete because they are fat soluble.
A, D, E and K
These are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Carbs, Lipids and Proteins.
45-65 % of your calories should come from carbs
20-35 % of your calories should come from lipids
10-35 % of your calories should come from proteins
When a foods contribution to energy (calorie) needs is less than its contribution to nutrient needs it is said to be______.
Nutrient dense
An ag practice that provides a secure living for farm families and also helps preserve the natural environment and support the rural community is considered ________
sustainable
This mycotoxin is the most common fungal toxin to contaminate nuts and grains. It causes crop loss and human disease around the world. It can be fatal.
Aflatoxin