Nutrition
What are major minerals (macro minerals)?
Major minerals are minerals that the body needs in amounts of 100mg/day or greater.
How does religion affect nutrition?
Some religions require fasting or abstaining from certain foods. Example: Catholics fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, kosher diet laws prohibit pork and shellfish.
What is a Regular diet?
A regular diet is also called a house diet and is appropriate for clients without special nutritional needs. This diet is a balanced meal plan that supplies 2,000kcal per day.
What is blood glucose?
Blood glucose level indicates the amount of fuel available for cellular energy. Levels above the normal set point trigger the release of insulin.
What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is an iron rich compound and globulin a serum protein. Adequate iron intake is required to produce heme. Low hemoglobin levels may indicate inadequate iron intake or chronic blood loss.
What are trace minerals?
Trace minerals are essential but in lower concentration.
How does ethnicity/culture affect nutrition?
They often reflect the foods that were plentiful in the region of origin. (Fish in coastal, rice in wetlands)
What does NPO mean?
NPO means no food or fluid by mouth.
What is hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia limits the fuel supply to the body resulting in symptoms ranging from weakness to coma. It is usually a blood glucose of less than 50 mg/dL. Often the cause of insufficient food intake.
How can you diagnose nutrition as a problem? Examples?
Adult failure to thrive
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements
Risk for imbalanced nutrition: more than body requiremenrs
Self care deficit (feeding)
What is the most common mineral deficiency in the US?
Calcium Deficiency is the #1 mineral deficiency in the US.
How does cognitive function affect nutrition?
A person with developmental delays or severe mental Illness, confusion or memory loss may be unable to remember what when or whether she has eaten.
What are alterations in nutrition?
Overweight, obesity-
Consuming nutrients in excess of metabolic demands more than needed for activity, gender, height and weight.
Underweight/undernutrition- insufficient intake of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals and consuming less than needed according to activity gender height and weight.
What is hyperglycemia?
A blood glucose greater than 108 mg/dL fasting or greater than 127 mg / dL at random). May be a sign of diabetes mellitus or an endocrine problem.
Example’s of nursing outcomes for client with nutritional problem?
*loses 1 lb per week until ideal weight is attained
*follows the prescribed modified diet that at a minimum meets the DRi.
*eats a variety of foods that provide a balanced diet.
Why is water an essential nutrient?
It’s a solvent, used for transport, used as body structure and form and temperature.
How do disease processes affect nutrition?
Chronic diseases (diabetes, GI disorders) can alter intake digestion, absorption, use and excretion. Any illness especially when accompanied by fever, increases the need for protein water and calories to meet the demands of increased metabolic rate. Traumatic injury (burns/surgery) requires extra protein and vitamin c for wound healing and tissue rebuilding.
Diets modified for disease may be?
calorie restricted- overweight
Fat restricted- increased cholesterol
Sodium restricted- high blood pressure, hypertension
Diabetic- control carb intake
Renal diet- manage fluid and electrolytes for insufficiency
Protein controlled- manage liver and kidney
What is albumin?
Albumin is synthesized in the liver and constitutes 60% of the total body protein. Low levels are associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, acute and chronic liver disease and repeated loss of protein through burns wounds or other sources.
Examples of Interventions for client?
Vitamin and mineral supplementation
Nutritional counseling
Refer to programs SNAP
nutritional teaching
Assist client with meals
Weekly weight
If client is overweight:
Exercise and increase fruit and vegetables
How much water makes up the human body weight?
55-65% in men. Men require 3.7 liters of water per day.
50-55% in women. Women require 2.7 liters of water per day.
How do medications affect nutrition?
They can decrease appetite, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause ulcers intestinal bleeding or diarrhea, altered metabolism from certain drugs, effect on specific nutrients (example acetylsalicykic acid (aspirin) decreases folate levels and increases excretion of vitamin c; laxatives may cause calcium and potsssium depletion. Nausea and vomiting.
How to take nutritional assessment in a patient? List all.
Obtain diet history, 24 recall, food frequency questionnaire and food record.
Subjective goal assessment
Mini nutritional assessment
Nutrients screening initiative- must be done in 48 hours (geriatrics)
Body composition- skin fold estimate
Complete physical examination, general survey, alterations in vital signs, poor skin turgor, wound healing, concave abdomen, convex ascities (fluid in abdomen), change in muscle mass.
What is creatinine?
Creatinine, an end product of skeletal muscle metabolism, is excreted through the kidneys and is an excellent indicator of renal function.
0.6-1.3
0.5-1.1
What diets are modified by consistency?
Clear liquid (tea, water, coffee, popsicle, jello)
Full liquid- (milk pudding, ice cream)
Mechanical soft- (chopped, ground meat)
Puréed- (blended)