Outta Nowhere
What did Oparin believe was not in the reducing atmosphere?
Oxygen
What has been found in very deep rock layers that gives evidence against Oparin's hypothesis?
Iron oxide
What are the organelles within the leaves and stems of green plants which creates sugar from sunlight?
Chloroplasts
What was the apparent condition of the early earth that contained little or no free Oxygen?
Reducing atmosphere
What would UV rays likely do to any early amino acids in a "soup"?
Break it down
What are complex proteins that control the synthesis of proteins.
Enzymes
What are grana?
Structures that holds the chlorophyll, in the chloroplasts, that captures the sun's energy.
What is chirality?
The characteristic of organic componds, especially amino acids, to have different forms that are mirror reflections of themselves.
What did Aristotle believe?
That animals could spontaneously arise from unlike animals or from dirt
Summarize Redi's second experiment.
Set out the jars. The second set of jars had mesh instead of being sealed, which would allow in air, not flies. Still no maggots in the covered jar.
What products from the 2nd phase of photosynthesis is reused for the 1st phase of photosynthesis?
NADP and ADP
What is the difference between the law of biogenesis and the principle of biogenesis?
Law of biogenesis - the idea that life can only arise from preexisting life
Principle of biogensis - implies that "life arising from life alone" does not apply in the orginal develpment of the first cell.
Summarize Redi’s first experiment.
Set out two sets of four jars with pieces of different meats. First set of jars were sealed. The seconds set of jarrs were opened.
Observed the jars for several days. Flies entered the unsealed jars reglarly. Maggots developed in the unsealed jars, while none developed in the sealed jars.
Explain eight problems with Miller's experiment.
In a real world situation, there would be no trap for the new molecules, meaning the compounds would continue throught he sparker and break down the amino acids rapidly.
Ocean water would dilute the molecules so that an organic soup would be unlikely to form. Also, amino acids tend to become involved in cross reactions with other compounds if they are dissolved in water.
The UV rays from the sun would break down the amino acids from the atmosphere, not provide necessary energy.
Miller's experiment produced a lot of compounds that were not amino acids. But, amino acids in a "organic soup" would be more likely to combine with the other products than with each other.
While energy is needed to produce proteins from amino acids, it will also break down in the presence of energy while unprotected.
Enzymes must have been present for the first proteins which make the DNA to be formed. But, DNA is needed to make enzymes.
Protein needs DNA to form, which is made with the help of proteins.
There was not enough left-handedness in the experiment. Only left-handed amino acids are used in protein production, but Miller's experiment had right- and left-handed amino acids.
Summarize Pasteur’s experiment. What did it disprove and why?
Boiled several flasks of broth, forcing air out and killing microorganisms. The broth cooled, drawing air and dust in, but trapping the dust in the neck of the flask (nothing could enter or exit the flask). No microorganisms develped in the flasks. After several days, one flask was tipped, which mixed the dust with the liquid. Shortly after, the tipped flask was contaminated.
Disproved spontaneous generation, because it proved that life could only arise from preexisting life.