Planes/misc.
divides body into anterior and posterior sections, abduction and adduction occurs around an AP axis
Frontal plane
- joint capsule, ligaments, synovium, fat pads
- 1 type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress, 1 type is sensitive to noxious mechanical/biochemical stimuli
- present in all joints
Free nerve endings
Shoulder flexion
- Ant. deltoid
- Coracobrachialis
- Pec. Major (clavicular head)
- Biceps brachii
Scapular elevation
- upper trap
- levator scap.
Hip internal rotation
- TFL
- Glute med./min.
- pectineus
- adductor longus
- piriformis (w/ hip flexed to at least 90 deg.)
divides body into right and left sections, flexion and extension occur around a medial-lateral axis
Sagittal plane
- fibrous layer of joint capsule
- high frequency vibration, acceleration and high velocity changes in joint position
- present in all joints
Pacinian corpuscles
- lats
- post. deltoid
- teres major
- triceps brachii (long head)
Scapular depression
- lats
- pec. major/minor
- lower trap.
Hip external rotation
- Glute max.
- obturator externus/internus
- piriformis
- gemelli
- sartorius
Transverse plane
- fibrous layer of joint capsule
- stretching of joint capsule, amplitude and velocity of joint position
- greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions
Ruffini endings
Shoulder abduction
- middle deltoid
- supraspinatus
Scapular protraction
- serratus anterior
- pec. minor
Hip abduction
- glute med./min.
- piriformis
- obturator internus
- TFL
Cervical extension
- splenius/semispinalis cervicis
- iliocostalis cervicis
- longissimus cervicis
- multifidus
- trap
- sends information to nervous system about muscle length
- controls posture, involuntary movements
Muscle spindle
Shoulder external rotation
- teres minor
- infraspinatus
- post. deltoid
Scapular retraction
- middle trap.
- rhomboids
Ankle inversion
- posterior/anterior tib.
- flexor digitorum longus
Cervical rotation/side bending
- SCM
- scalenus muscles
- splenius/longissimus/iliocostalis cervicis
- levator scap.
- multifidus
- sensory receptors where muscle tendons pass through to attach to muscle fibers
- sensitive to tension, transmit info about tension/change of tension within muscle
GTO
Shoulder internal rotation
- subscapularis
- teres major
- pec. major
- lats
- ant. deltoid
Radial deviation
- ECRL/ECRB
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
Cervical flexion
- SCM
- longus colli
- scalenus muscles