General Pain
Factors Influencing Pain
Pain Assessment
Non-pharm interventions
Pharm interventions
100
This is the nurses' definition of pain.

What is ?

-whatever the person says it is, existing whenever he says it does

100
Identify two factors that influence pain, and explain how.

What are ?

-Age, fatigue, genes, neuro function, attention, previous experience, family/social support, spiritual factors, anxiety, coping, culture

100
This is the most commonly used scale for the assessment of pain.  Describe.

What is the numerical rating scale, where 1-3 is mild pain, 4-6 is moderate, and 7-10 is severe.

100
Identify 3 non-pharmacological interventions for pain relief.

What are ?

- Relaxation

- Distraction

- Music therapy

- Cutaneous stimulation  ETC

100
Identify 3 types of analgesics.
What are non-opiods, opioids, and adjuvants?
200
Identify 2 benefits to adequate pain management.

What are ?

- legal/ethical obligations

- Improves quality of life

- Reduces physical discomfort

- Promotes early mobilization

- Helps return to baseline function

200
Discuss two contributing factors specific to the pain experience in the older adult.

What are ?

- Ability to interpret can be difficult d/t multiple diseases with vague symptoms and/or cognitive impairment

- Changes in muscle mass, body fat, % of body water --> concentration/distribution of meds

- Decreased albumin --> affects protein bound meds --> increased risk of side effects

- Decreased liver/kidney function --> affect metabolism/excretion

- topical analgesic absorption d/t thinning/elasticity 

200
In terms of the quality, identify two words that are often associated with neuropathic pain.

What are ?

- Burning, shooting, pins and needles, numbness

200
Distraction is best for which type of pain?
What is short, intense pain?
200
What medications are classified as non-opioids?
What are acetaminophen and NSAIDS?
300
Discuss nociceptive pain versus neuropathic pain.

What is ?

- Nociceptive pain --> most common, caused by damage to somatic or visceral tissue, occurs abruptly after injury, persists until healing occurs

- Neuropathic pain --> results from direct stim of myelin or nervous tissue, feels like burning/tingling, commonly seen in patients with uncontrolled DM, alcoholism, viral infections

300
Discuss how previous experience can impact the pain experience.

What is ?

- Good --> better coping and strategy for next time

- Bad --> worse coping, more fear and anxiety

- None --> may impair ability to cope

300
This is how we assess the location of pain.
What are anatomical landmarks and description language?
300
Identify 3 benefits to relaxation.

What are ?

- decreased HR, BP, & R, heightened awareness, decreased O2 consumption, sense of peace, decreased muscle tension & metabolic rate

300
Discuss 3 important facts about NSAIDS.

What are ?

- Used for mild/moderate pain

- No CNS depression / do not interfere with bowel or bladder

- Risk for GI bleed & renal insufficiency


400
Identify 3 characteristics of chronic pain.

What are ?

- serves no purpose, not always identifiable cause, longer than 6 months, goal is improve functional status, associated symptoms --> fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, apathy, anger, challenges --> financial, relationships, ADLs, labels

400
Which factor helps to explain the benefits of distraction, music therapy etc?
What is attention?
400
This is the most useful assessment characteristic.
What is severity/intensity?
400
Hot and cold therapy relieve pain and promote healing.  Identify two ways to avoid injury.

What are ?

- check temp before application & do not apply directly to skin

400
Identify the two benefits of adjuvants.

What are ?

- enhance other analgesics

- have analgesic properties of their own

500
Some patients may not be able to verbalize pain.  Identify 6 behaviors that could indicate pain.

What are ?

-moaning, crying, gasping, grunting, grimace, clenched teeth, lip biting, wrinkled forehead, restlessness, pacing, protective movement, social withdrawal ETC

500
Discuss anxiety as a factor influencing pain.

What is ?

- Anxiety increases perception of pain, and pain can cause feeling of anxiety

500
Identify seven pain characteristics to be assessed.

What are ?

-Onset

-Provoking factors

-Quality

-Radiating (location)

-Severity

-Timing

-You (relief)

500
Identify 3 benefits to providing massage to your patient.

What are ?

- physical and mental relaxation, pain relief, communicates caring, enhance effectiveness of pain medication

500
Identify a severe risk for the patient taking an opioid and the antidote.
What is respiratory depression and Narcan 0.4mg IVP?
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