The Biological Approach
What is Passamonti et al (2012)
This study used fMRIs to show that depleted serotonin levels reduced PFC activity, making it harder to inhibit impulsive reactions from the amygdala
To test the duration of short-term memory, participants were asked to recall meaningless trigrams (like PTR or XTB) after varying delay intervals
What is Peterson and Peterson (1959)
This study on sorority girls demonstrated Social Identity Theory by showing that girls viewed their own sorority members as more diverse while seeing out-groups as "all the same"
What is Park and Rothbart (1982)
The primary research method used in the Passamonti, Radke, and Loftus and Palmer studies to establish cause-and-effect
What is a true experiment
A core study for the "Google Effect," investigating how the belief that information is saved externally (like on a computer) leads to reduced recall for the facts themselves
What is Sparrow et al (2011)
A case study of "SM," a woman with bilateral amygdala damage who was unable to experience fear even when exposed to snakes or haunted houses
What is Feinstein et al (2012)
This dual-task study involved chess players and provided evidence for the Working Memory Model by showing interference only when tasks used the same slave system
What is Robbins et al (1996)
This famous experiment showed that children who observed an adult model acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate that behavior
What is Bandura et al. (1961)
The ethical requirement to ensure participants understand what will happen in a study before they agree to take part, often a challenge in deception-heavy studies
What is informed consent
This animal study, used in the HL Bio Extension, showed that rats raised in "enriched" environments had heavier cerebral cortices and more acetylcholine receptors than those in "deprived" cages
What is Rosenzweig and Bennet (1960s)
This longitudinal study found a positive correlation between higher socioeconomic status and increased hippocampal volume in children
What is Luby et al (2013).
A cornerstone of Schema Theory, this study used a vague passage about laundry to show that providing a title before reading significantly improved comprehension
What is Bransford and Johnson (1972)
A cross-cultural study that found the Temne of Sierra Leone had higher rates of conformity than the Inuit, likely due to their agricultural vs. hunting-based economies
What is Berry (1967)
The brain's ability to change its structure (like the hippocampus) in response to environmental stressors like poverty or neglect
What is neuroplasticity
Utilizing genetic knockouts in the Biological Extension, these researchers "turned off" the TPH2 gene in mice, resulting in significantly higher levels of aggression
Mosienko et al (2012)
Healthy female participants were injected with testosterone, which resulted in increased amygdala activity when they were motivated to approach a social threat
What is Radke et al (2015)
This study demonstrated the representativeness heuristic by asking participants which of two hospitals recorded more days where over 60% of babies born were boys
What is Khaneman and Tversky (1974)
This research on Muslim immigrants in the USA found that marginalization was a strong predictor of "significance loss," which could lead to radicalization
Lyons-Padilla et al. (2015)
A strategy to improve the validity of a study by using more than one method, researcher, or data source to investigate the same phenomenon
What is triangulation
This Cognitive Extension study demonstrated that computer-based training games could improve the working memory capacity and attention levels of children diagnosed with ADHD
What is Klingberg et al. (2005)
This study examined the MAOA-L "warrior gene" variant, finding that carriers had reduced gray matter volume in their amygdalae and higher activity when perceiving threat
What is Meyer-Lindenberg et al (2008).
In this classic study on reconstructive memory, participants' speed estimates of a car crash were influenced by the intensity of the verb used in the question (e.g., "smashed" vs. "hit")
What is Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Participants judged a basketball player's performance based on race, showing that stereotypes act as schemas that lead to confirmation bias
What is Stone et al (2010)
An evolutionary explanation for behavior that suggests traits like a healthy fear response or specific mate preferences exist because they helped our ancestors survive and procreate
What is adaptive advantage
To study the effect of hormones on the brain, this researcher surgically inserted cortisol pellets into the hippocampi of rhesus monkeys, demonstrating that high stress can cause hippocampal damage
What is Sapolsky et al (1990)