Theories of emotional development
Which of the 7 developmental theories of emotion looks at social crises as developmental stages?
Erikson’s comprehensive stage theor
POV you are a bundle of cells in a uterus. What 3 stages/processes is your development characterized by?
POV the mother is a busy business woman. Describe the caregiver characteristics of an anxiously avoidant child.
consistently disengaged, needs are not met
Difficult (throw it away)
Give me the definitions for fear and anxiety
fear: response to a specific perceived source of danger and subsides quickly when the threat is gone
anxiety: general expectation that something bad might happen
I have a thirst for knowledge!
Give an example of a core relational theme.
Core relational themes: what the cognitive appraisal of emotions say about our relations to the world
Ex. anger → offense against me/mine
Ex. happiness → progress towards a goal
Ex. guilt → moral transgression
Ex. sadness → loss
What age span is called the mimicry stage? Describe 2/6 things that happen at this stage according to developmental theorists.
0-1 months
- physiological regulation (Sroufe)
- trust vs mistrust (Erikson)
- undifferentiated sense of self (Lewis)
- simple goal blockage (Campos)
- reflect activity (Piaget)
- arousal and valence (Barett)
POV: you are a loving parent and responsive af and your child is gay and loves you. How does a securely attached child respond in the strange situation.
- explores freely
- engages with stranger
- upset when mom departs
- happy when mom returns
Stable and early-appearing individual differences in behavioral tendencies that have a constitutional basis are influenced by a constitutional basis
- influenced by controlling the environment
- influenced by parents teaching regualtion
What is worry? How should we address anxiety?
Worry: trying to figure out why you are anxious and what to do about it
avoidance leads to more anxiety as anxiety reinforces avoidance
Name the 5/7 theoretical approaches towards emotional development. Why is it necessary to study them?
We need to study them because they shape how we think about develop thus how emotions develop.
Cognitivism
Cognitive-motivational-emotional
Neural constructivism
Neurobiological approach
Social constructivism
Behaviorism
Ekman’s neurocultural model
Children are not all the same. Name one thing that differentiates 6-9 month olds from 9-12 month olds?
Separation anxiety
- discriminate against strangers from familiars (6 months)
- 9 months --> attachment and separation and stranger anxiety
When and how does attachment develop?
6-9 months
- develops attachment and stranger anxiety
- can recognize faces
- develops object permanence
- exploration
activity, smiling, fear, soothability, distress to limitations, undisturbed persistence
Am I anxious or am I afraid? Name 4 ways how fear and anxiety are different from each other.
there is too much to type out bye
Describe Ekman’s neurocultural model.
Some parts of emotion expression are culturally varied/universal
Elicitors (culturally varied)
Expectations
Events
Memories
Facial affect (pancultural)
Facial expressions for fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise
Display rule (culturally varied)
Whether to mask, diminish, intensify, or neutralize
Consequences (universal)
Facial, motor adaptive patterns, verbal, physiological, vocal
POV A child. They are fresh out of the womb and describe their crying and smiling at this age compared to a 9-month-old.
Fresh - crying due to distress (contagious crying at 8 months
Smiling - nonsocial (social at 2 months)
Let's attach a child. What are the 3 behavioral and biological mechanisms are attachment?
- synchrony between behaviors
- oxytocin
- endorphins and other opiods
Twin advocacy! Why are twin studies not always the best for studying genetics and environment?
- assumes identical environment, placenta, based on isolated genes, epigenetic drift
What 3 areas of the brain are involved in fear and anxiety? What are their functions?
Amygdala - visual, sensory input
Hippocampus - memory
Pons - startle response
Compare and contrast Lewis, Sroufe, and Izard’s theories. Name their main difference. Bonus points if you can describe each in detail. I love you <3
Lewis and Sroufe both argue that cognitive development → emotional development
Lewis → the 2 cannot be separated
Sroufe → each emotion begins as a physiological prototype → become emotions through cognitive developments at the end of the first year
Izard argues that emotions develop in parallel to cognition
What are the 3 ways emotions develop?
Physical maturation
Cognitive maturation
Social interaction
Compare and contrast anxious resistant children and secure children's caregiver characteristics.
- engaged, needs are met, clear contingencies
- inconsistently engaged (on caregivers terms), needs are inconsistently met
I want to be a changed person. Describe the epigenetic path (7 steps from outside to inside)
external experience, body experience, extracellular environment, cell environment, gene expression, protein
Describe how to frame anxiety in terms of cognition, emotion, a disorder, personality, and a disease
cognition - pessimistic future appraisal
emotion - the feeling
disorder - disruptive to daily functioning
personality - inhibition, shyness, introversion, neuroticism
disease - no