Wk 1-5
What 2 classiciations of fluids can be given in shock, give an example of both
Crystalloid: Normal Saline
Colloid: Albumin
What microorgnaism most commonly causes pneumonia and what is its gram stain
Streptococcus Pneumoniae - Gram Positive
What are the 3 constriction sites of the ureter
The uretopelvic junction (UPJ)
Where it crosses the pelvic brim / iliac vessels
The uretovesicular junction (UVJ)
List 4 common signs / symptoms of a patient with BPH
Hesitancy on urination
Increase frequency of urination
Urgency of urination
Poor stream / flow
Terminal driblling
Incomplete empyting
What muscle adducts, extends and medially rotates the gelno-humeral joint?
What is its innervation?
Latissmus Dorsi - Thoracodorsal nerve
Define Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
The lowest concentration of an AB that inhibits visible growth in broth or agar, after overnight incubation of a standard inoculum.
List 4 cancers that commonly metastasise to the bone
Breast, Lung, Prostate, Melanoma, Kindey, Thyroid
List 4 risk factors for developing breast cancer
Late menopause, Early menarche, Late pregnancy, Nil pregnancy, Family History, Prior Breast cancer, Smoking, Female
Differentiate mitosis from meiosis
Mitosis is nuclear division, which ultimately leads to diploid somatic cells. Meiosis is nuclear division which ultimately leads to haploid gametes (half no. of chromosomes)
Mitosis: generation of two identical daughter cells Meiosis: generation of one to four non-identical gametes sperm or ova
What are the borders of the inguinal canal (roof, floor, anterior, posterior)
Roof: Internal oblique and transversus abdominus
Floor: Inguinal ligament
Anterior: Aponeurosis of external oblique
Posterior: Transversalis fascia
Explain the pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis
Mutations in the CFTR gene resulting in a decrease of epithelial chloride channels. This alters ion transport resulting in decreased osmotic flow into secretions, causing them to thicken
What 2 classes of genes control the cell cycle, and give an example of both
Oncogenes: HER 2
Tumor supressor genes: TP53
List and describe 2 possible causes of down syndrome
Non-disjunction: Failure of seperation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (Non-Inheritable)
Robertsonian translocation: Translocation of the long arm of chromosome 21 onto the long arm of chromosome 14
Briefly describe 3 ways the body can maintain energy levels during starvation
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of stored glycogen
Gluconeogenesis: Creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Ketoacidosis: Beta oxidation of FFA's into ketone bodies
List 4 things that can imrpove disease screening for Indigenous Australians
Consistency with clinicians
Adaptabilty of appointment times
Adapting health information for health literacy levels
Collaboration with Indigenous members
Differentiate a carcinogen from a mutagen
Mutagen: A physical or chemical agent that changes genetic information and increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level
Carcinogen: An agent directly involved in the promotion of cancer or facilaition of its progression
(LO: Week 15 Radiation Biology UTS)