Hormone Reg
Which of the following tissues are glucose-independent?
Pancreatic cells
Kidney cells
Endothelial cells
Hepatic cells
Schwann cells
Retinal cells
2, 3, 5, 6
Kidney cells, endothelial cells, Schwann cells, and Retinal cells are insulin-independent
Infants receiving immunity via breastfeeding is considered what type of acquired immunity?
Active artificial
Active natural
Passive artificial
Passive natural
4. Passive Natural
A patient arrives at the ED after an MVA and has multiple crush injuries. An electrolyte and blood gas panel is drawn. Which of the following lab values are consistent with the clinical picture? SATA.
1. pH 7.50 (normal range 7.35-7.45)
2. Na+ 134 (normal range 135-145)
3. pH 7.30 (normal range 7.35-7.45)
4. K+ 5.7 (normal range 3.5-5.1)
3, 4
inflammation --> cell death --> hyperkalemia --> acidosis
Which sensory disease is associated with degeneration of the optic nerve?
cataracts
presbyopia
Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
3. Glaucoma
Which hypersensitivity is considered non tissue specific, and is characterized by immune complexes?
Hypersensitivity 1
Hypersensitivity 2
Hypersensitivity 3
Hypersensitivity 4
3. Hypersensitivity 3
What would the nurse expect the TSH and T3/T4 levels to be in someone with Hashimotos?
1. High TSH, High T3/T4
2. High TSH, Low T3/T4
3. Low TSH, Low T3/T4
4. Low TSH, High T3/T4
2. High TSH, Low thyroid hormones
Hashimotos is one of the main causes of hypothyroidism.
Graves is hyperthyroidism --> there would be low TSH but high thyroid hormones
When a naive B cell becomes activated, what two different cells could they become?
phagocyte
Plasma cell
macrophage
Memory cell
autoantibody
2. Plasma Cell (creates antibodies)
4. Memory Cell (hangs out in blood in case of future infection)
When a patient is experiencing acidosis, what compensatory sign does the nurse expect to observe?
1. dyspnea
2. tachycardia
3. tachypnea
4. eupnea
3. tachypnea
increased respirations help blow off more CO2, which is an acidic molecule.
Babies who are hearing impaired at birth are more at risk for which complications? SATA.
Autism
Cognitively delayed
Stunted growth
Speech delayed
Depression
2, 4
Cognitive and speech delay
What education should a nurse prioritize when educating a patient on immunosuppressive medications? SATA.
Wash hands frequently
Take medication in the morning
Avoid large crowds
Monitor labs frequently
Avoid strenuous activity
1, 3, 4
Wash hands
Avoid crowds
Monitor labs (specifically WBC, neutrophils, etc.)
A patient is newly diagnosed with type II diabetes, what disease characteristics should the nurse include in patient education? SATA.
1. T2DM is due to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells
2. treatment requires lifelong exogenous insulin administration
3. With T2DM, insulin receptors are desensitized
4. If uncontrolled, can lead to neuropathy, nephropathy, and/or retinopathy
3, 4
T2DM is also known as "insulin-resistant" diabetes. The pancreas still releases insulin, but the insulin receptors of the cells are desensitized and require more insulin for glucose to be let into the cells. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can damage the small vessels of the kidneys, eyes, and peripheral capillary beds. While someone with T2DM may require insulin administration at some point in their disease process, there are other medications and lifestyle changes used for treatment.
HIV directly attacks which cells of the immune system?
1. Macrophages
2. Autoantibodies
3. T-cells
4. Neutrophils
3. T-cells
Normal Ranges: pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45 HCO3-: 22-26
A patient has the following lab values: pH: 7.31 PaCO2: 50 HCO3-: 22
What is the correct interpretation of this?
1. metabolic acidosis
2. metabolic alkalosis
3. respiratory acidosis
4. respiratory alkalosis
3. Respiratory Acidosis
What is the primary etiology of otitis media?
a . pneumonia
B. pink eye
C. inner ear infection
D. respiratory infection
D. Respiratory Infection
A patient went into the outpatient clinic to receive a flu vaccine. Which type of acquired immunity did this patient obtain?
Active artificial
Active natural
Passive artificial
Passive natural
1. Active Artifical
A patient is complaining of fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Based on this assessment data, which of the following labs do you expect the provider to order?
1. TSH
2. CBG
3. ESR
4. CBC
1. TSH
fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, and cold intolerance are all signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's). A TSH level would want to be drawn, as well as T3 and T4 levels.
Which of the following BEST defines hypersensitivity?
a. An excessive or undesirable immune response to a sensitizing antigen.
b. A reduced immune response found in diseases such as HIV.
c. Desensitization of the immune system by super-antigens.
d. A normal immune response to an antigen with high immunogenicity.
a. An excessive or undesirable immune response to a sensitizing antigen.
Normal Ranges: pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45 HCO3-: 22-26
A patient has the following lab values: pH: 7.48, PaCO2: 45 HCO3-: 30
What is the correct interpretation of this?
1. metabolic acidosis
2. metaboic alkalosis
3. respiratory acidosis
4. respiratory alkalosis
2. metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following are common risk factors for glaucoma? Select 4.
Elderly
Living in a dry area
diabetes
Eye trauma
High elevation
Long-term steroid use
Hyperlipidemia
High protein levels
1, 3, 4, 6
advanced age, diabetes, eye trauma, and long-term steroid administration
What are the 3 main effects of Angiotensin II? SATA.
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
ADH secretion
Diuresis
Aldosterone secretion
Increase albumin
2, 3, 5
Vasoconstriction
ADH secretion
Aldosterone secretion
Dysfunction of the adrenal glands can alter which of the following hormones that associated with the stress response? SATA.
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Cortisol
4. Adrenaline
1, 2, 3, 4
Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline. Cortisol levels are evaluated when it is suspected a patient has Cushing's or Addison's.
A patient comes into the ED complaining of SOB and dyspnea. Mother of patient states he ate a snickers bar and his body started to swell. Audible wheezing on auscultation of lungs. What is the priority action of the nurse?
Administer IV NS
Administer epinephrine
Administer long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
Administer antihistamine
2. Administer epinephrine
Normal Ranges: pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45 HCO3-: 22-26
A patient has the following lab values: pH: 7.31, PaCO2 50, HCO3- 29
What is the correct interpretation of this?
1. metabolic acidosis uncompensated
2. metabolic acidosis partially compensated
3. respiratory acidosis uncompensated
4. respiratory acidosis partially compensated
4. respiratory acidosis partially compensated
Which of the following are potential complications with otitis media in children? SATA.
Recurring infections
Hearing loss
Vision changes
rhinitis
pain
Speech delays
Ear tubes
1, 2, 5, 6, 7
recurrent infections, hearing loss, pain, speech delays, ear tube surgery
For each of the following electrolytes, what organ/tissue is primarily affected by imbalances?
-Potassium --> ?
-Calcium --> ?
-Sodium --> ?
Potassium --> HEART (arrhythmias)
Calcium --> MUSCLES (tetany/flaccidity)
Sodium --> BRAIN (seizures, etc.)