Tissues & Cells
A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components, which in turn leads to a decrease in the size of the tissue and organ
Atrophy
Swelling caused by excessive fluid that becomes trapped in body tissues
This electrolyte regulates fluid balance, total fluid volume, and BP by controlling the movement of water across cellular membranes.
And what is the range?
Sodium (Na+)
136 - 142mEq/L
Low pH and high H+ concentration:
High pH and low H+ concentration:
Acidosis
Alkalosis
A process in which the cell breaks down
Necrosis
An increase in the size of cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, which in turn leads to an increase in tissue and organ size
Hypertrophy
How/What to assess when suspecting edema
Breath sounds
Evaluation of pedal or sacral edems
JVD
EKG
Vital signs
This electrolyte is the major extracellular cation functioning to regulate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, regulate acid-base balance, facilitating intracellular enzyme reactions, and maintaining intracellular osmolarity.
What is the range?
Potassium (K+)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Name the three buffer systems
Circulating bicarbonate (fastest)
Respiratory
Renal (slowest)
When cells are injured, circulating white blood cells release endogenous _____, which result in a fever.
Pyrogens
An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue
Hyperplasia
Definitive treatment of edema
Underlying medical condition/cause
CPAP, supplemental O2, positional therapy, nitrates, diuretics
This electrolyte is essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, secretion of many hormones and chemicals, lends strength and stability to the collagen and ground substance that form the skeletal system
What is the range?
Calcium (Ca+)
8.2 - 10.2mEq/dL
Excessive vomiting, excessive water intake, naso/orogastric suctioning and overdose on TUMS can all cause:
Metabolic Alkalosis
____ produce endotoxins or exotoxins, whereas ____ do not.
Bacteria
Viruses
An alteration or the size, shape, and organization of cells
Dysplasia
A decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water, often caused by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of plasma/whole blood, use of loop diuretics, fever, decreased oral fluid intake, and excessive sweating
Isotonic fluid deficit
This electrolyte is an intracellular anion essential for formation of bone and teeth, cellular metabolism, regulation of blood and pH, and muscle and nerve functions. Regulated by the same mechanisms that regulate Ca+.
Phoshate (PO4-3)
CNS depression (alcohol, opioids, stroke), upper airway disease (aspiration, obstruction), pulmonary disease (COPD, asthma, pneumonia), and respiratory/cardiac arrest can all cause:
Respiratory acidosis
The most common reaction to the presence of bacteria is
Inflammation
Metaplasia
A proportionate increase of sodium and water in extracellular fluid, commonly caused by heart failure, cirrhosis, renal failure, steroids, and excessive sodium intake
Isotonic fluid excess
This electrolyte is the most abundant intracellular cation has a vital role in muscle contraction.
1.3 - 2.1mEq/L
Magnesium (Mg+2)
Increased lactic acid, increased ketones, N/V/D, ASA overdose, and inhaling antifreeze can induce:
Metabolic acidosis
Apoptosis