Skeletal and Muscular System
What type of bone protects vital organs?
Flat bones
What is the definition of tidal volume?
The amount of air you breathe in or out in one breath
Where is the fulcrum and effort in a second class lever?
The fulcrum and the effort are at opposite ends of the lever.
Which type of continuous training involves varying your speed and intensity throughout the session?
Fartlek training
Name one basic and one complex skill in football.
Basic: Passing; Complex: Bicycle kick
During a cricket bowl, what movement occurs at the shoulder?
Rotaion
What are the functions of red blood and white blood cells?
Red blood cells: Transport oxygen around the body
White blood cells: Fight against infectious diseases
How does acceleration relate to Newton’s Second Law?
F=ma; force causes acceleration
What is the definition of tedium?
Tedium refers to the concept that training should be varied and interesting to prevent boredom and maintain motivation.
Define an open skill and give a sporting example
Affected by environment; e.g., dribbling in hockey affected by the location of defenders and team mates.
Gastrocnemius
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart, and which carries blood back to the heart?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood back to the heart
When performing a bicep curl, the fulcrum is at the elbow, the effort comes from the biceps, and the load is the weight in the hand. What type of lever is this?
Third class lever
Which training method involves alternating periods of work and rest?
Interval training
Identify and describ the first stage of learning.
Cognitive stage: break the skill down into parts and begin to master the skill, make lots of mistakes and need lots of help and support.
Explain how the antagonistic muscle pair at the elbow joint works during a boxing jab, including the agonist, antagonist, and the joint action.
The triceps acts as the agonist and contracts to cause extension at the elbow. The biceps acts as the antagonist and relaxes to allow the movement.
Explain why a marathon runner would benefit from having red blood cells?
Red blood cells carry oxygen, so a high number of red blood cells would lead to more oxygen being delivered to the muscles during exercise. This is important to a marathon runner as it would allow them to work aerobically for long periods.
Explain Newtons first law of motion giving a practical example.
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
A stationary object (e.g., a football on the ground) won’t move unless a force (e.g., a kick) is applied.
A moving object (e.g., a hockey puck sliding on ice) will continue at the same speed/direction unless friction or another force stops it.
What is the definition of reaction time?
The time taken for a performer to respond to a stimulus.
Explain with a practical example the effectiveness of mechanical guidance in swimming.
floatation devices: builds confidence and practice individual parts of the skill.
During a rugby scrum, which leg muscles act as the agonist and antagonist, and what type of muscle contraction occurs
Agonist: Quadriceps – these extend the knee to push against the opposition.
Antagonist: Hamstrings – these control the movement by relaxing and providing balance.
Type of muscle contraction: Isometric contraction – the muscles generate force but the length of the muscle doesn’t change.
Describe the pathway of blood through the cardiovascular system, including the four chambers of the heart, the lungs, and the main blood vessels involved.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, then moves to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. After gaseous exchange, oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, moves into the left ventricle, and is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body.
A basketball player jumps to shoot a free throw. Identify three forces acting during this movement and explain how each affects their performance.
Gravity (Weight):
Muscular Force:
Air Resistance:
A basketball player took a 4-week break from training due to injury. When they returned, their strength, fitness, and performance had decreased.
Which principle of training does this demonstrate, and why?
Principle: Reversibility
Explanation: Fitness gains are lost when training stops because the body adapts to inactivity, resulting in decreased performance.
Identify and explain the 4 steps of the information process model.
Input - Sensory systems detect cues (e.g., a tennis opponent’s stance).
Decision Making - The brain filters relevant information and compares it to stored memories. Information is analysed and choose appropriate response.
Output - The brain and sends signals to muscles and they perform the actions
Feedback - Intrinsic (muscle feel) or extrinsic (coach’s advice) feedback refines future performance.