These are the most common causes of in-toeing in cerebral palsy.
What are internal tibial torsion and increased femoral anteversion?
100
Supplementation with this decreases the risk of myelodysplasia.
What is folic acid?
100
When placing a baby in a Pavlik harness, an excessive degree of this position should be avoided to lower the risk of osteonecrosis.
What is abduction?
100
This is the most reliable classification scheme in Perthes.
What is the Herring lateral pillar classification?
100
This is the most common cause of bilateral cavus feet.
What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?
200
This surgical procedure is contraindicated in a child with crouched gait.
What is Achilles lengthening?
200
A child with myelodysplasia with a red, hot swollen leg should be assumed to have this.
What is a fracture?
200
If the Pavlik harness fails to relocate a dislocated hip within 3-4 weeks, treatment should be discontinued to avoid this.
What is Pavlik harness disease?
200
This is the most accurate predictor of osteonecrosis in SCFE.
What is stability of the slip?
200
Scoliosis in patients with neurofibromatosis is often this type.
What is dystrophic?
300
This surgery is indicated in ambulatory patients with diplegia, age 3-8, with good selective motor control, and normal intelligence.
What is a selective dorsal rhizotomy?
300
This condition rarely requires treatment in myelodysplasia due to a high recurrence rate.
What is a dislocated hip?
300
The "human position" in a spica cast is this degree of flexion and less than this degree of abduction.
What is 90 deg and 60 deg?
300
When performing in situ fixation for SCFE, starting a cannulated screw at this anatomic location will allow for a more central position in the epiphysis and will reduce the risk of postoperative fracture.
What is the anterior femoral neck?
300
87% of curves in neurofibromatosis rapidly progress when three or more ribs are this.
What is penciled?
400
Children at this level walk with an assistive mobility device, climb stairs while holding a railing, and need a wheelchair for long distances or uneven terrain.
What is GMFCS (gross motor function classification system) level III?
400
Changes in strength or spasticity may be an early sign of this.
What is a tethered cord?
400
The Salter, triple, and Ganz osteotomies are all examples of this type of pelvic osteotomy.
What is redirectional (reconstructive)?
400
This occurs in SCFE due to unrecognized implant penetration of the articular surface.
What is chondrolysis?
400
Early posterior instrumented fusion for curves higher than this degree is recommended in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy due to a high rate of progression and progressice cardiopulmonary deterioration.
What is 20 degrees?
500
Botulinum toxin affects the neuromuscular junction in this way.
What is irreversibly binding synaptic proteins to block the presynaptic release of acetylcholine?
500
During a kyphectomy, shunt failure may lead to death caused by this.
What is acute hydrocephalus?
500
Impediments to a congruent reduction when performing an open reduction of the hip include the iliopsoas, hip adductors, capsule, ligamentum teres, pulvinar, infolded labrum, and this.
What is the transverse acetabular ligament?
500
These two are the most important prognostic factors in Perthes disease.
What are femoral head congruency at skeletal maturity and patient age at onset of disease?
500
This may cause an ambulatory child with spinal muscular atrophy to lose the ability to walk because of loss of trunk motion.