This is the most important factor in decreasing the rate of infection following open fractures.
What is prompt administration of intravenous antibiotics?
100
Posteriorly displaced medial clavicle fractures can impinge on these structures.
What are mediastinal structures, such as the great vessels and trachea?
100
95-98% of supracondylar fractures are of this type.
What is extension type?
100
This is the classic position (elbow and forearm) of a nursemaid's elbow.
What is elbow extension and forearm pronation?
100
If a distal radial physeal fracture is not able to be reduced after this number of attempts in the emergency room, this treatment should be abandoned.
What is 2?
200
When transporting children younger than 6 years on a backboard, this modification can prevent cervical spine flexion and potential iatrogenic cervical spinal cord injury.
What is an occipital cutout?
200
Obstetric clavicle fractures are frequently associated with this injury.
What is brachial plexus palsy?
200
This is the most common nerve injury associated with supracondylar fractures.
What is the anterior interosseous nerve?
200
Articular congruity after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a lateral condyle fracture can only be assessed with this.
What is an intraoperative elbow arthrogram?
200
When associated with a concomitant elbow fracture, distal radius fractures should be treated in this way due to the high risk of this.
What is internal fixation due to the high risk of loss of reduction?
300
In open fractures, the risk of infection is decreased if an irrigation and debridement is performed within this number of hours.
What is 24 hours?
300
Proximal humerus fractures tend to be very forgiving because this % of humeral growth comes from the proximal humeral physis.
What is 90%?
300
Risk to the ulnar nerve is highest when medial pins are placed with the elbow in this position.
What is hyperflexion?
300
Posterior dissection of a lateral condyle fracture can lead to this.
What is osteonecrosis?
300
When treating Monteggia fractures, this is the most important factor in reducing the radial head dislocation.
What is re-establishment of ulnar length?
400
In a child without a head injury, the acute onset of mental status changes, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypovolemia is known as this.
What is fat embolism sydrome?
400
The medial clavicular physis closes at this age.
What is 23-25 years of age?
400
This complication following supracondylar fracture is generally cosmetic with few functional consequences.
What is cubitus varus (gunstock deformity)?
400
If nonunion of a lateral condyle fracture is evident wihtin 6-12 months after injury, treatment should include this.
What is bone grafting and screw fixation?
400
Some studies have found an increased risk of compartment syndrome in forearm fractures treated with flexible intramedullary nailing due to this.
What is mutliple attempts at rod passage?
500
Following significant blood loss, children can rapidly decline into hypovolemic shock and these findings, known as the "triad of death".
What are acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy?
500
With fractures of the humeral shaft, primary radial nerve palsies require this treatment, while secondary radial nerve palsies require this treatment.
What are observation and urgent exploration?
500
Volkmann ischemic contracture is most commonly due to this.
What is compression of the brachial artery with casting in flexion >90 degrees?
500
An entrapped medial epicondyle fracture can be extricated in a closed manner with these maneuvers (forearm, elbow, wrist).
What is supinate the forearm, apply valgus stress to elbow, and extend wrist?
500
Apex volar greenstick forearm fractures are treated with the forearm in this position, which apex dorsal injuries are treated with the forearm in this position.