Native Peoples and Early America
combination of corn, beans, and squash was commonly grown together by many Native American societies
What are the "Three Sisters"?
European explorer whose 1492 voyage began sustained contact between Europe and the Americas
Who is Columbus?
colonial region known for small farms, shipbuilding, fishing, and strong Puritan influence; more extreme climate
What are the New England colonies? New England region
Economic system in which colonies supplied resources and markets to benefit the mother country
What is mercantilism?
1680 Native uprising that temporarily drove the Spanish out of New Mexico
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
1730s–1740s religious revival emphasizing emotional faith and individual religious experience
What is the First Great Awakening?
lifestyle common among some Native peoples in regions where resources were spread out, requiring groups to move seasonally in search of food and game
What is nomadic?
Spanish labor system giving colonists control over Native labor in exchange for supposed protection and conversion
What is the encomienda system?
Fertile soil, grain production, busy ports, and greater ethnic and religious diversity characterized this colonial region
What are the Middle Colonies?
written agreement by Plymouth settlers to establish self-government in 1620
What is the Mayflower Compact?
1676 Virginia uprising that exposed tensions between poor farmers and wealthy elites
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
traveling preacher whose emotional sermons helped spread the Great Awakening
Who is George Whitefield?
this region has abundant forests, rivers, and access to the Pacific Ocean; Native peoples in this region relied heavily on fishing and developed permanent settlements
What is the Pacific Northwest?
Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Americas and Europe
What is the Columbian Exchange?
this crop shaped the Chesapeake region by creating a plantation economy, increasing demand for labor, and encouraging continued expansion onto Native lands
What is tobacco?
Virginia's elected colonial legislature, established in 1619; first representative assembly
What is the House of Burgesses?
this conflict severely weakened Native resistance in southern New England and accelerated English control over land after years of increasing colonial expansion; resulted in many natives being sold into slavery
What is King Phillip's War? Metacom's War
Virginia policy granting land to people who paid for an immigrant's passage
What is the Headright System?
these Native people of the dry southwestern region developed irrigation systems and lived in permanent settlements
Who are the Pueblos?
1494 agreement dividing newly claimed lands between Spain and Portugal
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
nickname given to the Middle Colonies because they produced large quantities of wheat, barley, and other grains
What is "breadbasket"?
English laws restricting colonial trade to strengthen the British economy
What are the Navigation Acts?
Virginia governor became the target of frontier anger because settlers believed he was unwilling to protect them from Native attacks
Who is William Berkeley?
Colonists who supported the emotional revivalism of the Great Awakening
Who are the New Lights?
alliance of Native American tribes in northeastern North America that formed a powerful military and political confederacy; later allied with British colonists against Metacom
Who are the Iroquois Confederacy?
Spanish missionary who criticized the mistreatment and exploitation of Native Americans
Who is Bartolomé de las Casas?
this region developed fewer towns and schools because its economy centered on producing export crops for the Atlantic market
What are the Southern Colonies?
Britain's loose enforcement of colonial laws, allowing greater colonial self-government
What is salutary neglect?
this 1622 conflict demonstrated how the expansion of tobacco cultivation intensified competition for land and transformed relations between English settlers and Native peoples in the Chesapeake
What is the Powhatan Uprising?
religious dissenter expelled from Massachusetts Bay for challenging Puritan authorities; she was later killed by Native Americans
Who is Anne Hutchinson?