Cholinergics
The first neuron in every pathway coming out of the spinal cord is what kind of neuron?
Cholinergic
What receptor type does Dexmedetomidine work at to cause sedation?
Alpha-2 (agonist)
What is metoclopramide used for?
Antiemetic
What drug class is the treatment of choice for status epilepticus?
IV Benzodiazepines
What Ca++ channel blocker drug is used for seizure control in dogs and also for the Tx of neuropathic pain in dogs and cats?
Gabapentin
What is Donepezil used to treat?
Cognitive decline in dogs
(It's an AChEI - requires dose titration to decrease GI side effects)
What are the drugs Yohimbine and Atipamezole used for?
Reversal of alpha-2 agonists like xylazine and dexmedetomidine
What is the action of the antipsychotic Haloperidol?
D2 block
What drug is a dissociative anesthetic used for short surgical procedures with rapid recovery?
Ketamine
Name one drug that could be used as an adjunctive AED.
Levetiracetam
KBr
Perampanel
What mnemonic is used to remember the symptoms of AChEI poisoning?
"Dumbbelss"
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia
Bronchconstriction
Excitation
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweating
What is the major action of a Beta-1 adrenergic agonist?
Increase heart rate and contractility
What receptor does Trazadone have partial agonism for?
5-HT1A
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines both work at the GABA-A receptor. What is a negative side effect barbiturates can cause that benzodiazepines won't?
What is a possible side effect of GABA-A modulators?
Sedation & ataxia
Negative cognitive effects
Induction of CYP450s (phenobarb)
Name at least three anticholinergic side effects. Which one are you likely to see first?
Dry Mouth*
Constipation
Tachycardia
Mydriasis
Urinary retention
Airway relaxation
Blurred vision
What selective Beta-1 blocker is first in class in treating hypertension?
Metoprolol
(Also used in the Tx of superventricular tachycardias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
(Selective, so no Beta-2 block, no bronchoconstriction)
What can happen if giving Fluoxetine and Trazadone together at improper doses?
Serotonin Syndrome
What drug is used for IV induction of general anesthesia and acts at an allosteric site of the GABA-A receptor?
Alfaxalone
What is the method of action of Valproic acid that's used for seizure control in dogs?
Ca2+ channel blocker
Also Na+ channel blocker
What anti-cholinergic drug is used in the Tx of motion sickness or to treat post-op nausea?
What are signs of toxicity with this drug?
Scopolamine
Toxicity: Tachycardia, blurred vision, dry mouth
What is the method of action of Sildenafil?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor - used to treat canine pulmonary arterial hypertension
What is a problem with first generation antidepressants that isn't seen with second generation antidepressants?
First generation - can become cardiotoxic, cause anticholinergic side effects, and can cause sedation and weight gain
What drug is a competitive AMPA blocker? What is it used for?
Perampanel (perAMPAnel) - used as an anticonvulsant
Name at least 2 AEDs that are excreted unchanged (no CYP interaction).
Levetiracetam
Gabapentin
Retigabine
KBr