Renal
Side effects of loop diuretics are...
(if hint needed; think electrolyte)
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesia
Hypocalcaemia
Statin MoA
Competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (this is the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis)
Apixaban and rivaroxaban are..
Factor Xa inhibitors
Does T3 or T4 have a higher affinity for the receptor?
T3
Describe spironolactone action
Aldosterone antagonist
3 main effects- reduced expression of sodium channels, sodium/potassium pump, and reduced potassium excretion
Amiodarone, sotalol are examples of what class of drug with which MoA
Class 3 Anti-arrythmics
Potassium Channel Blocker
Irreversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist
Clopidogrel
99% of thyroid hormone is bound to..
bound by plasma proteins (TBG, transthyretin and albumin)
What might make you consider giving nitrofurantoin instead of trimethoprim?
What might make you consider resistant pathogens?
•Travelled internationally within past 6 mths (esp SE Asia)
•Recent antibiotic exposure
•Have not responded to initial therapy
•Frequent/extended hospitalisation
•Aged-care facility residents.
What does dihydropines have in common with high dose nitrates?
(hint: think MoA for both dihydropines and high dose nitrates)
Both primarily do arteriolar vasodilation
Dipyridamole is used in combination with aspirin to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
What does dipyridamole inhibit to reduce platelet aggregation?
Phosphodiesterase
Major difference between warfarin and heparin?
Warfarin = Stops making new clotting factors
Heparin = Stops existing clotting factors from working
What is the MoA of Fosfomycin
Bactericidal; inhibits the first step of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
One major side effect of nitrates is that you can build up tolerance to the drug. How can this be counteracted?
Ensure an 8-10 hour nitrate free interval pepr 24 hours
Why is chemotherapy given in "rounds"?
Target & injure rapidly dividing cells, but because not cancer specific, both cancer cells & some normal cells are affected.
Rest periods in between cycles
When normal cells are damaged - can cause side effects
Rests allow normal cells to recover & body to regain its strength.
Cancer cells don’t repair easily, so recover more slowly than normal cells.
By next treatment, body’s normal cells have recovered but the cancer cells have not.
Means that more cancer cells are destroyed with every treatment.
What antibiotic drug inhibits folic acid metabolism?
Sulfonamides
(can be combined with trimethoprim)
What's the MoA of Aliskiren?
direct renin inhibitor
blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) at rate limiting enzyme .
What 3 drugs do the following action:
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis at certain points
AND
Which of the two are 30s subunit microbial ribosome binding ones
Aminoglycoside
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Buy AT 30, M at 50
Describe the MOA of alkylating agents
Attaches an alkyl group to guanine base of DNA
Interfere with DNA base pairing, leading to strand breaks and arresting replication
Why are fibrates prescribed?
Lower triglyceride levels, increase HDL levels
(Pharmacological strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk)