Pharmacology Concepts and Terminology
In food animal medicine, this is the mandatory period that must pass between the last dose of a drug and the slaughter of the animal or the collection of milk/eggs for human consumption.
What is withdrawal time?
Commonly known as Clavamox, this drug pairs a penicillin with clavulanic acid specifically to defeat bacteria that produce this 'shield-breaking' enzyme.
What is beta-lactamase?
This is 22-lbs in kilograms.
What is 10?
This is the lowest clinically detectable level of dehydration, by percentage.
What is 5%
This agency regulates controlled substances, such as opioids.
What is the DEA?
When a doctor prescribes a drug for a species or condition not listed on the FDA-approved label, it is referred to by this four-word term
What is extra-label drug use (ELDU)?
These two classes of antibiotics work well against gram positive bacteria such as Staph and Strep.
What are penicillins and cephalosporins?
This is the milligrams per dose for a 10-kg patient that needs 11 mg/kg of clindamycin.
What is 110 mg?
This is the fluid rate in ml/hr for a 28-kg patient that needs 40 ml/kg/day for maintenance? Round to the nearest whole number.
What is 47 ml/hr?
This agency regulates vaccines.
What is the USDA?
This range of drug concentrations in the bloodstream is where the medication is effective without being toxic, falling between the minimum effective concentration, and the minimum toxic concentration.
What is therapeutic range (or therapeutic window or therapeutic index)?
A significant side effect of this class of antibiotics is discoloration of dental enamel during tooth development. In addition, technicians should warn owners that drugs in this class, including doxycycline, can cause esophageal strictures in cats if not followed by a water 'chaser' or food.
What are tetracyclines?
This is the number of milliliters in a teaspoon.
What is 5?
Signs of this condition include serous nasal discharge, tachypnea, lung crackles, rising body weight.
What is fluid overload?
Chronic oral administration of this drug can cause idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis in cats.
What is diazepam?
This is the type of diffusion that requires a carrier protein to move drugs down their concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
This class of antibiotics is grouped by generations.
What are cephalosporins?
This is the number of tablets dispensed with instructions to give 1.5 tablets PO BID for 10 days.
What is 30 tablets?
This blood component acts as a natural colloid.
What is plasma?
The mechanism of action for these drugs is blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby preventing nerve cell depolarization.
What are local anesthetics?
This process involves a drug being excreted into the bile and then reabsorbed from the small intestine back into the bloodstream, effectively creating a continuous loop that prolongs the drug's half-life.
What is enterohepatic circulation?
Often used for dental infections or deep abscesses, this Lincosamide is highly effective against anaerobic bacteria but can cause severe GI distress in 'hindgut fermenters' like horses and rabbits.
What is clindamycin?
This is the concentration of a 2.27% solution in mg/ml.
What is 22.7 mg/ml?
This is the number of milliliters of 2% lidocaine needed to make a 0.1% solution in 250 mLs of sterile saline.
What is 12.5 ml?
Induction of this common liver enzyme increases metabolism of many drugs.
What is cytochrome P450?