Chemical Potential/Phases
For certain values of p and T, it is found that the chemical potential of the liquid is the smallest compared to the chemical potential of the gas and solid states. What does this mean for the state of the material at equilibrium? (What state will it be in?)
The material will be in a completely liquid state when equilibrium is reached.
What is the equation for the Boltzmann factor?
exp(-E_i/kT)
In a quantum harmonic oscillator, it is possible to exist between energy levels. True or False? Extra 100 points for an explanation
False, quantum harmonic oscillators only have discrete steps, so you can not be between two states.
If I roll two dice and one dice lands on 3 and the other lands on 4, then the sum of the two dice is equal to 7. What are the microstate and macrostate for this scenario?
Microstate: first dice rolling 3 and second dice rolling 4
Macrostate: the numbers on the dice summing to 7
What is the ideal gas equation/law?
pV=NkT=nRT
What is the name of the concept covered in class that is defined as the amount of heat needed to produce a phase change?
Latent heat
What is the equation for the probability of being in a specific state?
P(state i)=exp(-E_i/kT)/Z
Z = the sum of all the Boltzmann factors
Is it more favorable for an oscillator to be in the ground state or an excited state?
Ground state
How many degrees of freedom does a solid have?
6 total degrees of freedom
Three potential, three translational
What is the equation for work done by the gas?
W_by is the positive integral of pdV from V_i to V_f
What is the relationship between pressure and density?
What is the relationship between temperature and entropy?
Both relationships are directly proportional to each other. Higher pressure means greater density and higher temperature means greater entropy.
What is the equation for the average energy of a system?
the sum of E_i*P(E_i)
Once you have determined the number of microstates associated with N oscillators and q quanta, what is a quantity for which this value can be useful?
It is useful for determining the entropy.
Explain the second law of thermodynamics. (Hint: this is the one talking about entropy)
The second law of thermodynamics states that the change in entropy of a system is either greater than or equal to zero.
What is the name of the quasistatic process in which the change in heat is zero?
Adiabatic
How does adding a solute to a solution impact the boiling and melting points of a solvent?
It will increase the boiling point and decrease the melting point.
What is the most likely state to be in as the temperature approaches 0?
The ground state (E=0)
What can be determined from the slope of the Arrhenius plot for a semiconductor?
Using a dry-erase marker, write out the useful integral that we have discussed in class for determining the change in entropy of an object based on its constant volume heat capacity and temperature.
delta S = integral of C_v/T dT from T_i to T_f
When being asked to solve for the average velocity of diatomic gas particles, how many degrees of freedom do we use?
3 degrees of freedom
Using a dry-erase marker, draw the phase diagram for water and label the gas, solid, and liquid regions as well as the critical point and anything else you find important.
I will judge the drawing (partial credit is allowed for this problem) (Bonus 200 points for mentioning the existence curves)
What is the most likely state to be in as the temperature approaches infinity?
Trick question, all of the states are equally likely as the temperature approaches infinity
What is the main difference between the slope of the Arrhenius conductivity plot for a semiconductor and the concentration equation?
The semiconductor equation has a factor of one half that the concentration equation does not
Name all four different types of heat capacity that we have discussed in class. (Regular heat capacity, C, does not count)
specific heat capacity, molar heat capacity, constant volume heat capacity, constant pressure heat capacity
What makes a quasistatic process be considered reversible?
The total change in the entropy is zero.