Chapter 1
Name the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest.
1.Atoms
2.Molecules
3.Cells
4.Tissues
5.Organs
6.Organ systems
7.Organisms
8.Populations
9.Ecosystem
10.Biosphere
Name the monomers each biomolecule is composed of.
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
Lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids.
Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides.
Proteins are made of amino acids.
BONUS: What are the subdivisions of the anatomical and functional body compartments?
Anatomical body compartments: Cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.
BONUS ANSWER: Thoracic can be divided into pleural cavities and pericardial cavity. Abominopelvic can be divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Functional body compartments: Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
BONUS ANSWER: ECF can be divided into interstitial fluid and plasma.
Which type of fatty acid is most likely to be solid at room temperature?
Saturated fat
The more saturated a fatty acid is, the more likely it is to be solid at room temperature (ex: animal fat)
Name the four phases of mitosis.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Give an example.
Teleological explanations explain why something happens. Mechanistic explanations explain how something happens.
Example: RBCs transporting oxygen
(Teleological) Red blood cells transport oxygen to cells because cells need oxygen to function normally.
(Mechanistic) Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells.
Name all of the types of bonds, their definitions, and specify whether it is a strong or weak bond.
Covalent bond - Form when adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; strong bond
Ionic bond - Formed when oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other; strong bond
Hydrogen bond - Form when hydrogen atoms in polar molecules are attracted to O, N, or F atoms; weak bond
Van der Waals forces - Form when atoms are attracted to each other; weak bond
What are the four major functions of the cell membrane?
1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
3. Communication between the cell and its environment
4. Structural support
Name the three types of disaccharides. What do they all have in common?
The three types of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
They are all made up of two monosaccharides, one of them being glucose.
In what stage does DNA replication occur?
S phase (protein synthesis)
What are the 5 major themes of physiology?
1. Structure and function across all levels
2. Energy transfer, storage, and use
3. Information flow, storage, and use within single organisms
4.Homeostasis and control systems that maintain it
5. Evolution
Define pH. When pH goes down, what happens? When pH goes up, what happens?
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. When pH goes down, the solution becomes more acidic. When pH goes up, the solution becomes more alkaline (basic).
Name all the organelles and their main functions.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and export center
- Rough ER: Site of protein synthesis
- Smooth ER: Site of lipid synthesis
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration
- Cytoskeleton: Internal support for the cell
- Centrosomes: Play a part in cell division
- Lysosomes: Contains enzymes that break down material
- Peroxisomes: Break down and remove toxic substances
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure
Secondary structure
What is the difference between chromatin, chromosomes, and chromatids?
Chromatin - Loose, uncoiled form of DNA
Chromosomes - The condensed form of chromatin that becomes visible during cell division
Chromatids - Identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere
What is the definition of homeostasis?
BONUS: What is the phrase used describe the relationship between the ECF and ICF?
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
Dynamic Steady State Disequilibrium
What is a ligand? What is the difference between protein affinity and protein specificity?
A ligand is a molecule that binds to a protein. Protein affinity is the attraction of a protein to its ligand. Protein specificity is the ability of a protein to bind to a certain bind to a certain ligand.
Name the four different types of tissue. Give an example of each.
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Examples vary
Which of the five base pairs of DNA are purines and which are pyrimidines?
BONUS: Which of the five base pairs is exclusive to RNA?
Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines and cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.
Uracil is exclusive to RNA; it replaces T
What is the key identifier of telophase?
The cleavage furrow forms.
BONUS: The anticipatory response that predict a change in the body are called ___.
A negative feedback loop is one where the response opposes or removes the stimulus. A positive feedback loop is one where the response reinforces the stimulus and sends the regulated variable further outside its setpoint.
BONUS ANSWER: Feedforward control
What are the modulators/factors that alter binding or activity?
Competitive inhibitors, irreversible inhibitors, allosteric modulators, covalent modulators, pH and temperature
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is cell death that adversely affects neighboring cells. Apoptosis is cell death that is programmed and does not disturb the tissue
What is the backbone of both DNA and RNA made of?
BONUS: What category of carbohydrate? What are the sugars called?
A phosphate and a carbohydrate.
BONUS Answer: The carbohydrate is a monosaccharide and is ribose for RNA or deoxyribose for DNA.
The centrosome plays a part in the direction of movement of DNA strands. The centrosome separates into two centrioles and migrate to opposite sides, then attach to the chromosomes and pull them to opposite sides of the cell.