Environmental Rules
This "cornerstone" principle from the Stockholm Declaration requires States to ensure their activities don't harm other States.
Principle 21- Duty of Prevention
This central principle requires all members to grant all other members any "favor" given to products from any other country.
MFN Treatment
This 1944 conference established the IMF and the World Bank to promote a liberal international economic order.
Bretton Woods System
This "Constitution for the Oceans" mandates that States have a general obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment.
UNCLOS
This 1941 case established that no State can knowingly allow its territory to be used to cause serious injury to another's environment.
Trail Smelter Case
This rule prevents the use of internal taxes or regulations to discriminate against imported goods once they pass customs.
National Treatment
This IMF practice requires a debtor State to undertake structural economic reforms as a condition for receiving a loan.
Conditionality
This agreement protects species by making the killing of specimens less profitable through strict international trade permits.
CITES
This principle provides an affirmative justification for taking protective measures when scientific proof of damage is uncertain
Precautionary Principle
This dynamic concept determines if products must be treated equally based on whether they are in direct competition.
like products
This reserve asset is valued by reference to a "basket" of five major currencies, including the USD, Euro, and Renminbi.
Special Drawing Rights
This 2015 agreement relies on "nationally determined contributions" to limit global temperature increases.
Paris Agreement
This procedural requirement is now a rule of general international law when a project poses a risk of transboundary harm.
Environmental Impact Assessment
GATT Article XI generally prohibits these measures, which include import quotas and restrictive licensing.
quantitative restrictions
This UN-driven agenda focused on permanent sovereignty over natural resources and aid for developing countries.
NIEO
This agreement regulates trade in services through four modes of supply, such as cross-border supply and commercial presence
GATS
This term describes damage to resources with no commercial value, which still requires restoration or compensation.
pure environmental damage
This unique complaint can be made if an expected benefit is impaired, even if no specific treaty rule was breached.
non-violation complaint
These documents, submitted by States to the IMF for loans, are not legally regarded as international treaties.
letters of intent
This convention regulates the international transport and environmentally sound disposal of hazardous wastes.
Basel Convention